Ian Burumas Behind the Mask :: Ian Buruma Behind the Mask

Ian Buruma's Behind the Mask Ian Buruma was born in the Netherlands in 1951. He went to school in both Holland and Japan, and he has spent a great deal of time in Japan. Ian Buruma is an author, journalist and a professor at Bard College in New York. He sometimes writes for the New York Review of Books, the New York Times Magazine, the New Republic, the New Yorker, and the Guardian. The book, Behind the Mask, was a very interesting one. This book is filled with lots of Japans history that most people know nothing about. Much of the content in Behind the Mask is focused on sexuality and violence. The book has thirteen chapters each dealing with a different topic. It starts out with a kind of mythology about the origins of Japan. It is then followed by chapters on mothers in Japan and marriage. Some of the other topics focus on women, geisha, and yakuza. Behind the Mask is a great book explaining a great deal of the sexuality related to the culture and religion of Japan. To the Japanese, sex is a part of nature; it is not considered a sin. The worst thing that can happen to an individual in Japan is to be socially shamed or dishonored. The Japanese do believe in a sort of â€Å"pollution† though. They fear being unclean, death, and blood, among other things. Purification is a big deal in Japan. Ian Buruma, the author, not only explains in great detail much of the history and practices of the Japanese, but he also writes much about significant people and places dealing with the topic. There were many significant people who contributed a great deal to the practices in Japan. He also describes many of the important places where certain events occurred. He explains what the kabuki theaters looked like and also the famous strip clubs. The Washington Post Book World writes, â€Å"A fascinating exploration of Japanese culture: the fantasy life of the Japanese. It fishes its insights from the rich and muddy river of popular culture that the Foreign Ministry has always tried to screen from foreign view. Through skillfully chosen subjects – sex, gender, the mother – we find a comprehensible (if sometimes surprising) fantasy persona behind the inscrutable mask†¦fascinating, imaginative, highly polished, entertaining.

“A Flowering of faith: Christianity and Buddhism” Essay

There are many similarities in the teachings of Jesus and Buddha. Most are discussed specifically in their sermons. With Christianity the sermon was called â€Å"Sermon on the Mount†. Jesus went up a mountainside and spoke to his disciples and the crowds of people. It stated the right ways for us to approach God and to deal with other people. This was a collection of sayings, the Gospel of Matthew, stated by Jesus himself. This sermon, which is located in the New Testament, is the longest teaching from Jesus. With Buddhism, Gautama Buddha was known as their spiritual leader. He was said to have â€Å"attained Nirvana† or to have achieved a state where suffering is eliminated through the abandonment of desires. When stated the term, desires, meaning the cause of suffering. There were many ways to differentiate the two sermons, but their similarities were much more. When dealing with the religions, both had separate commandments to abide by. Buddha’s, â€Å"The Noble Eightfold Path†, gave the religion eight rights to remember. Two of the rights in example were â€Å"Right Speech, avoidance of untruth, slander and swearing†, and â€Å"Right Contemplation, of the truth†. In Christianity, â€Å"The Ten Commandments†, was a list of the different rights to acknowledge. In example â€Å"Thou shalt have no other gods before me† and â€Å"Thou shalt not steal†. In the Sermon of the mount, Jesus also stated what he considered the perfect prayer this was called â€Å"The Lord’s Prayer†. This was simply what you should quote if ever you prayed. In the Sermon at Benares, Buddha listed what was called â€Å"The Four Noble Truths†. These were known as the important principles in Buddhism. The four truths are best understood, not as beliefs, but as categories of experience. They more so discussed what we call cause and effect, i.e. the truth about stress is suffering. When dealing with their similarities the main thing they had in common was the enormous faith in them through their disciples. In conclusion, like Jesus, The Buddha set out to teach nothing but good to his people. They both spoke about helping the sick, wisdom, and faith. Their disciples acknowledged them for guidance in life. Although they were two completely different religions, as said before their similarities remained close.

The Impact Of Social Constructivist On Children s...

Social constructivist psychologists have confidence in that human behaviour can be understood by learning how people think and learn. They take into consideration modern research regarding how children think and learn at home, school and the environment around them. They believe that children’s development is assisted by adults as a natural progression instead of children’s developmental capacities occurring in stages at specific ages. (SMITH, Early Learning and Child Care, 2012) Jean Piaget was a biologist that studied his own children and thought children go through different stages of cognitive development grounded on four set stages. Piaget believed that children learn and develop best through exploring their own environment by using real objects and to discover things themselves. Piaget explained a schema to be a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by a core meaning . (MCLEOD, Jean Piaget, 2015) Cognitive development happens in four set stages that apply to all customs of learning. The first stage of development is sensori-motor which is between the ages of 0 to 2 years. Babies and young children learn through their senses; looking, touching, smelling, tasting and through physical activity and interaction with their environment. During this stage, babies and young children also begin to understand their world in terms of actions and has a basic understanding of the principle of r elationships.Show MoreRelatedKnowledge and Understanding in the Teaching of English1080 Words   |  4 PagesVygotsky developed â€Å"Social Constructivist â€Å"theory, which outlines the importance of social context for cognitive development. Vygotsky theory benefits children’s literacy learning as children develop skills through the use of encouragement from an experienced educator or from their peers. Research has shown that as a result of Vygotsky’s social constructivist theory, early years literacy learning practices and student learning has been enhanced. Not only does â€Å"Social Constructivist† theory focus onRead MoreSociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge1650 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay,the constructivist approaches are based on the Plaget and the sociocultural approaches are based on the Vygotskian. â€Å"Sociocultural approaches to learning and developing were first systematized and applied by Vygotsky and his collaborators in Russia in the 1920s and 1930s.They are based on the concept that human activities take place in cultural texts,are mediated by language and other symbol systems,and can be best understood when investigated in their historical development.†(John-SteinerRead MoreEducational Methods Influenced By Jean Piaget And Lev Vygotsky800 Words   |  4 Pagestheories, which had a significant impact on evaluating children’s learning styles and abilities. After years of research and observation, Piaget determined that intellectual development is the result of the interaction of individual and environmental factors. He felt that as a child develops and always interacts with the world around him, knowledge was established. Through his observations of his children, Piaget developed a stage theory of intellectual development that included four stages: sensori motorRead MoreEDU10003 The World Of Maths Assessment 2 ESSAY SM1577 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ EDU10003 The World of Maths Assessment Two It is crucial to develop in children the ability to tackle problems with initiative and confidence†¦mathematics has changed from careful rehearsal of standard procedures to a focus on mathematical thinking and communication to prepare them for the world of tomorrow (Anghileri, 2006, p.2). Mathematical understanding influences all areas of life from social to private and civil. Therefore maths education is widely believed to be the singleRead MoreEssay on Educational Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent school settings such as preschool. The goal of educational psychology is to create a positive student-teacher relationship. Educational psychology uses five different types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above. Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. BehavioristsRead MoreSports Pedagogy : An Academic Field1339 Words   |  6 Pagesbut also curriculum issues and the body of theory relating to how and why learning takes place.’ (2009). Combined pedagogy with sport creates an in-between physical culture and education, In which many sub-disciplines come into place among sport(s) science(s) and collide with one another. This is such as Armour mentions and describes sports pedagogy within sub-disciplines ‘the requirement to grasp that as a sub-discipline of the field of sports sciences, sports pedagogy is in the unique position ofRead MoreJerome Seymour Bruner Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagesrole in the educational discourse of our time: bringing to bear the latest thinking in psychology on the contemporary problems of the society.† (page 94). In 1960, Bruner published The Process of Education; a landmark text which had a direct impact on policy arrangement in the US, influencing thinking and orientation of a wide group of teachers and students. The main objectives of this process is to present subject matter effectively, not only for coverage but the structure too. Bruner (1960)Read MoreConstructivism And Sociocultural Education Essay1838 Words   |  8 Pages Pedagogy is from the Greek word pedagogue , it is the study of educational activities. The development of pedagogy is related to the development of education, and many other relevant disciplines such as philosophy and psychology also participate in. There are many genres of education, in this article mainly talk about constructivist and sociocultural. Science piaget put forward constructivism, it has been an important topic of scientists’ research. Constructivism is a theory of knowledge andRead MoreThe Theory Of Operant Conditioning And The Skinner Box1707 Words   |  7 PagesThere have been many famous individuals who have contributed to education. BF Skinner, William Glasser, John Dewey, and Lev Vygotski are four notorious men in the history and impact of education. Bf Skinner (1904) was a behaviorist who his most widely known for his theory of operant conditioning and the Skinner box. His created this theory to study human behavior. Operant conditioning includes positive and negative reinforcement as well as positive and negative punishment. Positive reinforcementRead MorePhilosophy of Early Childhood Essay854 Words   |  4 Pagesphysical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development will ensure a positive continuation of the child’s education process. The National Association for the Education of Young Children states that high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available for all children. Bredekamp, S., and T. Rosegrant. 1992. Reaching Potentials: Introduction. In S. Bredekamp and R. Rosegrant (Eds.). Reaching Potentials: Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young Children,* vol. 1

The Old Man And The Sea - 993 Words

one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty days without a fish the boy’s parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally salao, which is the worst form of unlucky, and the boy had gone at their orders in another boat which caught three good fish the first week†(Hemingway 10). Santiago knows the boy has to leave. Mentally, he is prepared to continue the voyage on his own because he might possibly catch a fish. He returns after forty-five additional days without a single fish.. Santiago feels unlucky, but he is determined to return to the sea. He is not going to give up. He wants to prove to everyone in his village, including himself, that he will not return empty-handed. Hemingway gives the reader a sense of excitement because this time the old man plans to go out fishing, further than he had ever been. Psychologically, the old man knows that he has to prove to himself and to the other fishermen in the village that he has to do this. He does not want to be defeated by nature. Santiago feelsShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings instituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreOld Man and the Sea1537 Words   |  7 Pagesand Jesus Christ. In the novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway creates connections between Santiago and Jesus Christ that adds religious coloration to the story. Santiago can be compared to a Christ figure on the basis of his relationships with other characters in the novel. People look up to Santiago, as would a follower to Christ, hereby setting up a comparison between the two. (transition) Since the age of five, Manolin has aided the old man by working alongside him as an apprentice

William Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway - 1730 Words

Literary traditions often focus on tragedy, whether it be personal, national, or universal. In this way, it gives the characters, author, and reader the reference point of a shared experience upon which to build a literary work. In the case of Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, this uniting experience was the Great War. The remnants of this conflict can be seen throughout the novel in the lives and experiences of its characters. The integral nature of tragedy in Mrs. Dalloway means that future reimaginings and reframings must also include a uniting tragic event as a means by which to create parallels and show commonalities between characters. Michael Cunningham’s The Hours includes several different timeframes that allow for historical†¦show more content†¦Rezia Warren Smith struggles with her husband’s depression, erratic behavior, and suicidal ideation, who feels adrift in his loss as if her husband no longer exists at all. It is this unmooring that she finds so disconcerting as Septimus is unable to recognize her unhappiness and her loss in the midst of his own. Mrs. Dalloway also feels the echoes of Septimus’s life and death and in doing so confronts the limitations of doctors to treat mental health issues and even thought of her own death or suicide. Throughout the novel there is the impression of things left broken in the wake of war, of a great dissociation for those who have survived as they recognize the absences left by war. Perhaps it is this consciousness of the fractured nature of their lives that is made most evident by Woolf’s constant remembrances of the war. Woolf’s utilization of the tragedy of the Great War as a focal point around which to build the novel necessitates that any reimagining or reframing of Mrs. Dalloway must also include a similarly traumatic event. Cunningham chooses to create a historical restructuring of Mrs. Dalloway by temporally locating it during the AIDS crisis of the 1990s. AIDS troubles characters in a unique way that allows for reflections of Mrs. Dalloway’s themes in a new light. The Hours exposes not only the phenomenon of missing young people, but also remembers â€Å"that those who are now old were once young† (13). This aging is made especiallyShow MoreRelatedThematic Analysis Of The Novel Mrs. Dalloway And The Cannibalist Manifesto `` By Oswald De Andrade1471 Words   |  6 Pagesauthors from various genres of literature with a self-conscious break with the conventional way of writing in prose, plays, and poetry. The major modernist works of Samuel Beckett’s, â€Å"Waiting for Godot,† poem by T. S. Eliot â€Å"The Waste Land,† the novel â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway† by Virginia Woolf and â€Å"The Cannibalist Manifesto† by Oswald de Andrade, could present various themes that characterize the modernist literature including the absurd, alienation, and dislocation in society as it was s een and felt byRead MoreMrs. Dalloway By Virginia Woolf1443 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf examines the lives of a group of socialites in post World War I England. Clarissa Dalloway spent her life suffering from anxiety but was devoted to hiding it from the world. Septimus struggled with shell shock, or post-traumatic stress disorder, that no one could help him with. These people were not only characters in Virginia Woolf’s story, but also a representation of what had been going on in Woolf’s life. She used her own struggle with mental illness as inspirationRead MoreChristianity In Mrs Dalloway1723 Words   |  7 Pages In her essay Modern Fiction, Virginia Woolf stated that all that the artists of the time could be certain of was that â€Å"certain gratitude’s and hostilities inspire us† (158). In order to understand what drove modernists to innovate and create their literature, scholars need to understand what these â€Å"hostilities† are. There where multiple upheavals at the beginning of the twenty first century that resulted in many people feeling disconnected and hopeless about the world they lived in. However, thisRead MoreThe s Reading Process Theory Through The Text Of Mrs Dalloway And. Fought The Queen2398 Words   |  10 PagesDecoding Wolfgang Iser‟s Reading Process Theory through the Text of Mrs Dalloway and Bravely Fought the Queen In the 1960s, the new criticism theory in the American Literary arena focused on the reading of a literary text as an independent form and not to be studied in relation to any context. This gave birth to another theory that began majorly in 1960s and 1970s known as reader response criticism, which also tried to do away with the author‟s role and focused on the reader‟s perception that definedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Mrs. Dalloway Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesBritish Literature October 2, 2016 Signature Assignment: Mrs. Dalloway In Virginia Woolf’s book Mrs. Dalloway, she describes the different social class rankings in the 1920s and her characters are compared and contrast during this time. In this time period, class was based on your social upbringing and how you made a living. Clarissa is described as an upper class woman, who is high in society and is married to a wealthy man, Richard Dalloway. She is seen in society, as a woman who has a sense of expensiveRead MoreCultural Disenchantment in a Postwar Climate Illustrated in Virginia Woolf’s Novel Mrs. Dalloway2198 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the principal themes in Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway is the English people’s collective loss of confidence in the state of the British Empire after the First World War. Set in London in the June of 1923, the novel opens at the close of a global war that lasted only four years but cost the United Kingdom more than 100,000 lives and permanently shifted the political boundaries and social world order of its people. Each of the novel’s many characters represent a different aspect ofRead MoreAnalysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway8784 Words   |  36 PagesAnalysis the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs Dalloway BY Qian Jiajia Prof. Zhang Li, Tutor A Thesis Submitted to Department of English Language and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of B.A in English At Hebei Normal University May 8th , 2009 Abstract As one of the representative writers of novels of stream of consciousness, Virginia Woolf has made important contributions to the development of the technique of stream of consciousnessRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 PagesVirginia Woolfs works as well as to her biography. In this essay, I shall partly yield to the academic itch to tease out the manifold and sophisticated allusions to the numerous intertexts. My aim, however, is not to point out every single reference to Woolf and her works--such an endeavour of source-hunting would fail alone because of the sheer abundance of intertextual references--and to strip The Hours down until its threads lie bare in front of me, but to take the theories of influence (as voiced,Read MoreDepression Is Not Only A State Of Feeling Sad1150 Words   |  5 Pagesbegins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. There are a few ways depression can be diagnosed. The first option are lab tests. For example, a doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test your thyroid to make sure it s functioning properly. Second, is a psychological evaluation. This is when a mental health provider asks about your thoughts, symptoms, and the duration of how long someone has been feeling this way. Lastly, a mental health professional may use the criteriaRead MoreEssay on Expectations in the Movie The Hours3010 Words   |  13 Pagesmovie The Hours Virginia Woolf, the 20th Century British author; Laura Brown, a doted-upon 1951 Los Angeles housewife; and Clarissa Vaughan, a 2001 New York editor; struggle with their gifts and the expectations they, and others, have for themselves. All three women are obsessed with finding the right balance between living, freedom, happiness and love. The Hours attempts to use one day to reflect Woolf s life and the impact her work has had on others. In the movie, Woolf is writing Mrs.Dalloway

Unethical Behavior free essay sample

Ethics in business has been asserted to be the most important problem facing American companies today. The issue of unethical behavior has recently become the focus of media attention in wake of scandals in companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco International. (Chen and Tang, 2006). The organization is one of the biggest influences on ethics in the work place. Organizations do affect ethical behaviors. One of the main sources that affect behavior in organizations is the commitment of management to ethical practices and behavior. Such commitment can be communicated in a code of conduct or code of ethics document. . A code of ethics is a formal statement of values and ethical standards. The code of conduct document explicitly defines ethical and unethical behavior and therefore identifies the consequences of unethical practices. (Schemer horn, 2008, p. 42). Attitude Personal mindset According to Fritzsche, 2005, peers influence on ethical behavior. They are easily influenced to do what is done by their colleagues. We will write a custom essay sample on Unethical Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most theorists consider that the key responsibility of an embedded power group is to challenge the assumptions which comprise the groups own mindset. According to these commentators, power groups which fail to review or revise their mindsets with sufficient regularity cannot hold power indefinitely, as a single mindset is unlikely to possess the flexibility and adaptability needed to address all future events. Time theft According to Chen and Tang, 2006 Unethical behavior by employees includes things such as wasting company time, using company supplies for personal use, property theft, failing to whistle blow, illegitimately exchanging company resources for personal gain, and deceiving customers or clients. The prevalence of ethical misconduct in the workplace, there is a paucity of empirical research examining the antecedents of these behaviors. According to Christine A. Henle, Charlie L. Reeve and Virgina E. Pihs, 2010, stealing time at work, attitudes, social, pressure and perceived control as time theft. Time theft a common and costly from of ethical misconduct at work. Examples of time theft by employees is arriving late, leaving earlier from work schedule, taking additional or longer breaks than acceptable and on the job day-dreaming. It can impact on individuals in workplace who commit time theft such as less productive and may results in strained relationships with their supervisor and coworkers. Theft According to Jenna M Aker, 2009, Theft in the workplace is more common than you might realize and people are not talking about stolen lunches. Cash, computers, and even identities could be snatched from right under your nose and the results can be devastating. Common items stolen in an office environment include items of value, like iPods, PDAS, and laptops; items of convenience, like pens, envelopes, CD-Rs, and other Grapevine According to Diane Kuban, Kendra Coleman and Michael Baber, 2006, Unethical behavior conduct in office organization based on attitude is grapevine. Grapevine is known as  the informal transmission of information, gossip, or rumor from person to person or usually unrevealed source of confidential information and did not give any benefit to the company. But grapevine hold the strength to control office worker in the nature of power communication manager tend to compromise with person which have control over the grapevine because this person seems to be close with the other employees. Office gossip is often used by an individual to place them at a point where they can control the flow of information and therefore gain maximum advantage. Behavior of others According to Nancy K. Keith, 2009, unethical behavior is influence by behavior of other. It is about observing other behavior can cause unethical behavior because workers tend to emulate the action of other employee such as their manager. For example if their manager comes late to the work their subordinate may be influence to follow their manager behavior. Behavior in the workplace According to I. M Jawahar, Jennifer L. Kisamore and Thomas H. Stone, 2009, the researcher said that influence of unethical behavior conduct in organization is behavior in the work place such as cheating, absenteeism, and plagiarism. The employees always cheating for their own benefit and make the company lose with their behavior. TPB (the theory of planned behavior and academic) based on three like attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms (influence behavior of others) and perceived behavior control-prediction of a variety of human behaviors. TPB studies, measures attitude and belief about cheating and plagiarism is unethical behavior. Students consistently overestimated the likelihood that after students engaged in various academic misconduct behaviors compared with the frequencies students engaged in same behaviors. Personal background According to Betty J Brown, George A. Mundake and Melody W. Alexander, 2009 that personal background may influence unethical behavior conduct in organization. Personal ethical beliefs that have an impact on individuals behavior and decision making, setting with their beliefs shaped by past experience. Female have higher degree of ethical sophistication in recognizing the nuances of moral issues presented to them. Observation behavioral and perceive behaviors as acceptable or unacceptable according to their personal beliefs. Various researchers have defined ethics â€Å"Balachandran† as a code of rules, a set of principles one lives by or the study what is right or wrong. Job Dissatisfaction Distributive Justice According to Anne P. Hubbell and Rebecca M. Chory, 2005, organizational justice refers to perceptions of the fairness of workplace outcomes or a process has also been studied in relation to trust and is often considered an antecedent to trust. Research on trust in organizations show that it facilitates relationships, cooperation between individuals and organizations, organizational commitment and employees motivation to innovate. Focuses on employees attempts to alter inputs and to react towards the distributor of the outcome by altering their level of trust. Decreasing one’s trust also indicates dissatisfaction with the given relationship so that it better matches the perceived under rewards, benefits he/she received. Procedural justice is an individual’s perception of the fairness of the process components of the systems that regulates the distribution of resources. Individuals evaluate their relationships in terms of the contribution/inputs they make and the benefits/outcomes they receive and by comparing this ratio to the corresponding ratio of a comparison person or standard. According to Paulsen Et Al 2005, found that personal control is positively related to job satisfaction because can remaining threatening events in which gives rise to a sense of mustang and self-efficiency. According to Elovainio 2005, found that work time control has negatively related to sickness absence. Time control is positively related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Three basic components of organizational justice distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional. Distributive justice is fairness of the rewards and outcomes received and justice is perceived it rewards are proportioned to input. When high distributive justice is perceived there is a sense that first inputs determine one’s outcomes suca as salary increases and promotion-provides clarity to employees with regard to the outcome that they are likely to get and reduces the worry and uncertainty associated with exploitation and wastage of effort. Interactional justice is the fairness of the interpersonal threatens received. According to Claaessens, Eerde, Rude and Roe 2006, Role of supervisors in employees perceived time control is very important. Time control as primary dimension of job control Environment According to Nancy K. Keith, 2009, Unethical behavior conduct in office organization based on job dissatisfaction is environment. The researcher said after the employee being exposed to the ethical rule of the company, male worker tend to go and bend the rules but the female employees act nicely and follow the rules. Environments factors may affect unethical behavior conduct in office organizations through employees. Employers must provide good environment for their employees where their work is comfortable and conducive to the employees working in comfort to avoid unethical behavior. Performance Appraisal According to Anne P. Hubble and Rebecca M. Chory 2005, performance appraisal evaluation context seemed an appropriate one in which to conduct the present concerns about justice manifest themselves here and because they have become increasingly important in today’s organizational environment. Performance evaluation can operate as outcomes in and of themselves or a step through which administrative decision. According to T. T Selvarajan and Ron saddesai, 2010, Performance appraisal and schematic processing is people categorized other based on extend to which individual match the prototypical characteristics of a category and once people are categorized further information about others. Perceived Behavior Control According to Breda Sweeney, Don Arnold and Bernard pierce, 2010. The researchers said that influence unethical behavior in organization is perceived behavior control is to determined by control beliefs and based on previous experience, perceptions of obstacles and opportunities that could potentially affect performance of the behavior. Experience at work also influence in the job dissatisfaction. For example is an adaptor to the social environment in the work place included perceptions of injustice and based on personality characteristics. Organizational Politics According to Kirchmeyer 2005, career mentoring was related to higher levels of job satisfaction. Recent research on mentoring indicates that it associated with higher levels of career successes. It is likely that individuals who believe that they are supported by their supervisors and that they are successful in their work experience higher levels of job satisfaction. Create an open environment. Office politics are often fueled by insecurity, so try to keep employees well informed of internal news. Avoid closed-door meetings when possible as they can give rise to speculations so they can need open environment. Seek Integrity Just one unethical or dishonest worker can generate significant tension. During the hiring process, ask prospective employees references about the applicants ethics and honesty and at every opportunity emphasize to your staff the strong value workplace on these traits. According to George N. Gotsis and Zoe Kortezi 2010, Organizational politics also influence in job dissatisfaction is multi fact analytical construct often viewed and construct under very different ways. Organizations politics occur a desire to gain control over first environment and address organizational exigencies in look of organizational support and codified procedures. Politics is a perceived a form of anti social behavior other different aspects (blaming others and creating maintenance a favorable image through impression management, develop coalitions with powerful an influential person. According to Vigoda gadot and Dryzin Amit, 2010, Employees may view organizational politics as an indication of managerial leadership and malfunctioning and political behavior is supposed to damage or distort social interactions insofar as employees maybe hesitant in helping or supporting co-workers, fearing that voluntary activities of this type politically charge covert aggression is working showdowns that prevent the target from completing tasks, failing to warn target of impending danger, failing to transmit information needed by the target. According to anonymous organizational politics  is the use of ones individual or assigned  power  within an employing organization for the purpose of obtaining advantages beyond ones legitimate authority. Those advantages may include access to tangible assets, or intangible benefits such as  status  or pseudo-authority that influences the behavior of others. Both individuals and groups may engage in Office Politics.    Office politics also refers to the way co-workers act among each other. It can be either positive or negative. At the root of office politics is the issue of  manipulation  which can happen in any relationship where one or more of the parties involved use indirect means to achieve their goals. In the workplace, individuals have an incentive to achieve their goals at the expense of their colleagues, where resources are limited. Office politics has also been described as simply how power gets worked out on a practical, day-to-day basis. Office politics differs from office gossip in that people participating in office politics do so with the objective of gaining advantage, whereas gossip can be a purely social activity.

Basic Concepts of Educational Measurement and Assessment Essay Example For Students

Basic Concepts of Educational Measurement and Assessment Essay Basic concepts of educational measurement and assessment. Summary Measurement, Evaluation and Assessment, this are the three important things that a learner undergoes for the facilitator to determine a valid and reliable result of achievement. But what is the difference of the three? Can we really measure achievement? It yes, then now can we make sure that it Is valid? There are deferent kinds of evaluation and assessment, It Is not Just a series of test, continuous quizzes, seat-work and assignment that are given to learners to test If they were dabble to grasp and understand the lesson. There Is d broader meaning when we talk about measurement, evaluation and assessment. Each of the three has Its own purpose and use: however. All tot the three are important. There can be a lot of questions when it comes to measuring a learners achievement but, this learning paper might help you understand more. Discussion l. Define 1. Measurement In academics, measurement refers to scores or result in an assessment It determines how much of the lesson the learner was able to understand. Measurement is typically used to measure the level of attainment of an individual in specific area like math, reading. Engage etc. Example: IQ of a person, Percentage scores and appraisal (very good! , good! ). 2. Evaluation Evaluation Is Annual. It serves as an evidence of what the learner learned; its an ongoing process that is very important to make valid and reliable judgment There are two types of evaluation, Formative and summarize. Formative evaluation Is d continuous evaluation that determine s the learners strengths, weaknesses and if you learned or not. On the other hand Summarize evaluation is the total evaluation tot what you learned. It is commonly used at the end of a term. Quizzes, Seawater, Recitation, Assignment. 3. Assessment Assessment Is a Dorsa term, never a test Is an assessment Ana all tests are assessment. The difference of assessment to measurement and evaluation is that assessment is a compilation of evaluation (series of measures) that identifies the progress of a learner for the whole school year. Achievement Test, Final Exams Etc. II. Measuring Achievement Can achievement be measured? How? Yes, everything can be measured when the difference exists. The difference is he improvement of the learner or anything that he/she learned. Achievement can be measured by using different kind of test. One of the most common tests is the Achievement Test. Ill. Achievement Test Achievement test is designed to assess how much knowledge a person has in a certain area or set of areas. weeklies. Com Major Use: * A tool or exam that measures the achievement of a learner. * It contributes to the evaluation of learning progress. * Determine the appropriate grade level for students who are either new to the system or need to be reassessed. Limitations: * Not all skills are measured equally. * The test may not accurately reflect the objectives the test taker was learning. The multiple choice type limits the creativity. Reflection Every type of assessment has its major use and limitation, all we need to do is to observe what kind of assessment will be more effective in a particular class. As teachers we must know that assessments can sometimes not give a reliable measure, in example you gave a quiz today and half of your students didnt passed. There can be a lot of conclusion why half of the class failed. It can be because they did not study or they really didnt understand your lesson or maybe they didnt take the quiz seriously. In that situation the results of the quiz can be unreliable. One more reason assessment is not that reliable is because in tests teachers are being score oriented, meaning they only rely on how many correct and wrong answers you were able to get. However, different assessment and a lot of evaluation will still give you the best reliable measure. Generalization When my group of friends talks about assessment many of us cant easily give a definition. Why? I think because the word assessment has a very broad meaning. .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .postImageUrl , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:hover , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:visited , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:active { border:0!important; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:active , .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5 .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u333664c67641411315e2c4591f91a8b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The metaphors of africa EssaySome say the assessment is a process of evaluating; some say that it is a compilation of evaluations; some say that it is a way of assessing using different evaluation as proof, the good thing there is that in every definition, assessment is kind of synonymous to the word evaluation. Based on my research not all assessments achieve every single goals and objectives. www. Utopia. Org I agree on that statement, simply because some assessment like achievement tests does not measure other creative skills, it only assure the IQ and the knowledge of the learner in a specific subject area. Another reason is that test results depends on the learners performance. What if, (example) while having an exam the student feels sick, this may affect the mind-set of the test taker and it may cause failure even if the test taker studied. It seems that the validity and reliability of ones assessment is based on the learners performance and the teachers kind of assessment. What I mean is that there will always be an appropriate assessment in different classroom situation.