Colonial Politics and Democracy

Democracy is a much contested concept. Its notion differs with reference to the type of government a state employs. But in general sense, democracy pertains to a type of government in which the role and the involvement of every individual are very significant. The term democracy actually is derived from the Greek word demos which means ‘people’, and from kratos which means ‘rule’. In other words, democracy entails a form of government that is ruled by the people themselves. (Tilly, 2007)It is said that democratization has been one of the impending features of globalization. (Ray & Kaarbo, 2004) Regarding this, states and nations are beginning to patronize the underlying and the basic principles of democracy. But prior to the concept of globalization, colonial politics had been one of the first mechanisms used to promote democracy.  (Andrews, 2001)Some defined features of colonial politics that help the rise and institutionalization of democracy to other st ates and nations in the world include the idea that ‘power and authority’ should not be bestowed to a single person for that person has this tendency of abusing his obtained power and authority. Conversely, those countries who abide by the principles of democracy divided or distributed both power and authority to three branches of the government, namely: the executive, legislature and judiciary.Through this structure, checks and balances are very much possible. Another defining mark of colonial politics is the method of ‘governorship’ wherein power and authority is distributed among the elected or delegated governors. These governors rule state provinces. Lastly, the process of election is inherent in a democratic form of government. In this method, every citizen has the right to vote for whom he or she thinks fit to rule.  (Lijphart, 1999)The significance of these features of colonial politics really contributed to the rise of democracy. They show that t he role and involvement of every individual are the integral part of democracy. Hence, it should be first arranged and managed by the government in order for the state to function as really democratic.Reference:Andrews, C. M. (2001). Colonial Self-Government, 1652-1689. Adamant Media Corporation.Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. Yale University Press.Ray, J. L., & Kaarbo, J. (2004). Global Politics (8th ed ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company.Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy (First ed ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Personal Healthy Living Plan Essay

1. Physical a. I will develop a workout schedule for me to do throughout the summer time and for the rest of my time here in college. b. There are so many reasons to exercise regularly (better health, weight loss, feeling happier all around), and so many reasons to just, well, not (happy hour, errand-filled days, vacations). If the latter reasons are getting the best of you, here are four simple ways to stick to a workout routine. http://www.fitsugar.com/How-Keep-Workout-Routine-22523101 c. My state of change would be preparation. d. I will be doing this scheduling within the next few weeks or month. I will start by writing out the schedule and do specific workouts each day to target different parts of my body. In doing so, I will also write out stretching and cool down workouts as well to balance out the work intake. e. Some barriers that I might face are feeling lazy, in taking the wrong foods which will lead me to not wanting to work out and negativity from people around me. They way that I will overcome these barriers is to avoid having the feeling of laziness, not in taking the wrong types of food and to not listen to any negativity that comes out of others around me. f. The way I will commit this plan is by thinking of the end result; having the satisfaction of being in control of my body and proving people’s negativity wrong. 2. Spiritual a. My goal for spirituality will be to starting going back to church and participating in meditations. b. The benefits of meditation are manifold because it can reverse your stress response, thereby shielding you from the effects of chronic stress. When practicing meditation, your heart rate and breathing slow down, your blood pressure normalizes, you use oxygen more efficiently, and you sweat less. http://stress.about.com/od/tensiontamers/p/profilemeditati.htm c. My state of change would be preparation. d. I will do meditations at least three times a week or when needed to relieve stress. I will start going back to church when I go back home on Sunday and this will continue for the rest of my time there and when I come back to school. e. Some barriers that I might face are not having the time to fit meditation in when I have a busy work schedule and being unable to go to church if I work on Sundays. Ways that I can counter these barriers are rescheduling my work hours around the time me and my family would be going to church and putting aside time for meditation to relieve all the stress from work and school. f. The way that I will commit to this plan is by thinking of how less stress I will be if I did meditation and by going to church with my family will help create a strong bond between us that we haven’t had in quite a long while. 3. Social a. My goal is to create a strong friendship with those who I care for the most; my friends and my family. b. You’re shy or lack confidence, talking to people can be very stressful. That’s why it’s a good idea to work to improve your social skills. Once you feel comfortable interacting with people in a social setting, you’ll see the benefits immediately. You’ll meet new friends, you’ll be exposed to new experiences, and you’ll feel 100 percent better about yourself. Here are some simple steps to help you feel comfortable in public. http://www.wikihow.com/Become-Sociable c. My state of change would be action. d. I expect that I will start be more social with my friends now that school is about to finish. I also intend to be social with my immediate family; spending more time with them, talking and visiting them now that I will be staying home. e. Some barriers that I might face are being unable to hang out with friends because of my busy schedule or because their busy schedule and being unable to visit my family because I have no transportation to get there. How I will overcome these barriers will be to make time for them and put aside things that are unnecessary to do. I’ll do the same for seeing and making time for my family. f. The way I will stay committed to this plan is imagining how happy my family members will seem when they see me after not seeing each other for about two years or so and the same with my friends. 4. Intellectual a. My goal is to studying hard for my finals that are soon to be arriving and do a time management chart to organize all my studying time. b. Developing time management skills is a journey that may begin with this Guide, but needs practice and other guidance along the way. One goal is to help yourself become aware of how you use your time as one resource in organizing, prioritizing, and succeeding in your studies in the context of competing activities of friends, work, family, etc. http://www.studygs.net/timman.htm c. My state of change would be termination. d. I will set specific times to study and organize my work according to the date of the final. Making sure I put the important things to get them done and out of the way for the next study session. e. Some barriers that I might face while doing this would be not getting enough sleep at night because I want to get everything done right away, not being able to retain all the information that I just took in and neglecting to eat. How I will overcome these barriers will be to get sleep to help me retain the information and make time to eat so I get my nutrients that I need to keep going. f. The way I will stay committed is the gratitude of being done and satisfaction of passing all my classes with good grades. 5. Emotional a. My goal to relieve my build-up emotions will be through dancing. b. People can avoid these common emotional traps and improve your emotional health, attitudes, and self-esteem. One method of shifting emotion is called the BARES model. http://www.thenewmedicine.org/health_planner_info/emotions/recommendations_shift_emotions c. My state of change would be action. d. Instead of keeping my emotions to myself, I will relieve them through dancing in my room or by going to a dance party. e. Some barriers that I may face will be not wanting to dance or not wanting to talk to anyone about all the emotions that I have inside. Some ways that I can overcome these barriers is to pick good music to dance to or have my boyfriend be my dancing partner and create a strong bond as well as relieving stress and emotions build-up. f. The way I will stay committed to the plan is knowing that with expressing my emotions, I will become a better person and be less stress especially with finals ahead. 6. Environmental a. My goal is to take less time taking a shower than taking a longer one. b. Your morning or evening shower is very easily the most relaxing part of your entire day. Sometimes it just feels so good to close your eyes and stand under the rain-like flow of your showerhead. The only problem is, sometimes our most relaxing showers are also the ones that waste the most water (and therefore waste the most energy, too) http://ezinearticles.com/?Save-the-Earth,-One-Shorter-Shower-at-a-Time!—Follow-These-Shower-Efficiency-Tips&id=199375 c. My state of change would be action. d. Starting now, taking less time in the shower would be beneficial to the environment because I will be wasting less water and less energy to keep the lights on when showering. e. Some barriers that I can face will be to having the feeling of not wanting to shorten my showers because they feel good to me and because the water feels good when taking it after a sports game or work out. Some ways to overcome these barriers are to tell myself that I will be helping the environment and saving energy. f. The way I will stay committed to this plan is knowing that I’m helping out the world instead of myself.

Mengele Annotated Bibliography

This book goes into extreme detail describing every facet of the Nazi regime's various medical experiments, policies and atrocities with the intention of giving the reader an understanding of the past such that it should not repeat itself- as the author suggests it may in today's atmospheres of modern genocide and â€Å"ethnic cleansing.† Lifton draws comparisons particularly to potentially similar situations in Serbia, Rwanda and Cambodia, and draws parallels to the political and societal evolutions that took place in Germany, eventually developing a â€Å"genocidal mentality† that resulted in the systematic killing of (and medical experimentation on) millions of innocent victims. It smoothly describes the growth and development of the overall Nazi medical ideology, beginning with the definition of â€Å"life unworthy of life.† Lifton explains the process by which mentally and physically disabled children and adults came to be regarded as detriments to society that needed to be killed- both for their own good and for the betterment of mankind. This twisted view resulted in a state-sanctioned euthanasia program, wherein German doctors were first compelled to break their Hippocratic Oath- the professional promise to do no harm that is as old as medicine itself. From its beginnings, Lifton further describes the progression of Nazi killings under the guise of science- culminating in the work of Dr. Josef Mengele in the concentration camp Auschwitz. Unlike many studies of Mengele's work, Lifton does not focus simply on the horrors he perpetrated during his time at the camp. Rather, he attempts to explain how the â€Å"camp culture† within Auschwitz and the increasingly brutal practices of the Nazi system resulted in the atmosphere which allowed such horrible atrocities to occur. Koren, Y. (2005). Mengele and the Family of Dwarfs: Yehuda Koren Tells One Family's Remarkable Story of Surviving Auschwitz. History Today, 55, 32-33. This article examines another group of Mengele's victims, Jews suffering the genetic disease of dwarfism. Specifically, an entire family, all of whom somehow managed to survive not only his experiments but the deadly atmosphere of Auschwitz itself. Koren provides first-person accounts via interviews of some members of the Ovitz family, a unique clan from Romania that arrived at Auschwitz in 1944. The family of twelve included seven dwarfs and was the largest recorded dwarf family in the world and before their transport to Auschwitz had spent years touring in a traveling exhibition that promoted them as the â€Å"Lilliput Troupe.† Mengele was extremely interested in genetic abnormalities, and as such targeted dwarfs and other unusual individuals for experimentation. Experiments conducted on the family included extensive drawing of blood, high doses of radiation, removal of blood marrow samples, teeth pulled and the women received mysterious injections into their wombs. Despite all of this horrid treatment, Mengele seemed to have a strange fondness for the family and often treated them to special meals and other privileges, so that he could use them as a source of entertainment for other SS officers. This makes their case extremely unique amongst all of his victims. So, while he avoided killing them, he did so for entirely selfish reasons. The case involving this particular family offers interesting insight into Mengele's personality. Freyhofer, H. (2004). The Nuremberg Medical Trial: The Holocaust and the Origin of the Nuremberg Medical Code. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. This book examines and explains the Medical or â€Å"Doctors† trial of Nuremberg, by recounting everything that led up to the trial, and the wide-ranging effects it had. Particular care is paid to analyzing the breaches in ethics by members of the medical community that chose to take part in the Nazi euthanasia programs and subsequent medical experimentation on prisoners. These doctors, when charged with war crimes in the face of overwhelming evidence of what went on during the course of the war in hospitals and concentration camps, attempted to prove that the experiments they carried out were justifiable in the name of science. Though Josef Mengele was on the run and in hiding at the time of the Trial and didn’t face justice alongside his fellow perpetrators, Freyhofer goes into extensive detail analyzing Mengele's methods and potential   motivations, as well as the ethical implications of Mengele's work. Instead of focusing on the nature of the experiments performed by Mengele and other Nazi doctors, this text seeks to examine the larger picture of medical responsibility. Freyhofer explains the nature of the Hippocratic oath and why it failed to endure the pressures brought upon it by Nazi ideology. Coupled with this is a study of how the doctors charged in the trial, many of them highly respected in their fields before the war, could have so thoroughly warped their ethical viewpoints. The most significant contribution of this work is the explanation of the Nuremberg Medical Code that resulted from the trial, in which the courts set a legal international standard for medical experimentation. As a result of this landmark decision, doctors could never again claim to have performed experimentation on unwilling subjects for the good of science. Riordan, C. (1997). The Sins of the Children: Peter Schneider, Allan Massie and the Legacy of Auschwitz. Journal of European Studies, 27, 161-180. This article examines the repercussions that Nazi war crimes have had on the descendants of both the perpetrators and the victims. Countless sources recount the stories of Holocaust survivors and the stories of their children, but few examine the effects the war had on the equally innocent children of many top Nazis. These children grew up with the heart-breaking weight of their fathers crimes, which in turn generated a degree of self-loathing. One particular figure of interest in this article is Rolf Mengele, the son of Dr. Josef Mengele. Mengele, having disappeared after the war into hiding in Brazil, lived out the rest of his days in relative peace and quiet, never meeting retribution for his terrible crimes. Six years after the death of his father, Rolf finally came forward and recounted his story of what it was like to have to live in obscurity under constant fear of discovery, and coping with the knowledge that his father never regretted any of his barbaric doings. The primary purpose behind analyzing the stories of the children of Nazi war criminals is to determine where historians draw the line between understanding and acceptance. To accomplish this, Riordan references two fictionalized accounts of these father-son relationships in order to gain insight into how the children of war criminals deal with the knowledge of their fathers' actions, and what action (or lack thereof) they take to attempt to atone for those crimes. Why, for example, did Rolf Mengele never turn his father in to the authorities? The motives are varied, and in the end it's up to the individual to weigh perceived loyalty to family, or loyalty to justice. Hinton, AL. (2002). Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide. Berkeley: University of California Press. This book seeks to examine the larger picture of genocide and what drives humanity to single out and persecute specific groups of people within society. By studying various cases where genocide has occurred, such as the Holocaust, the author hopes to bring about an understanding of what causes these shameful events and how we might strive to prevent them in the future. Hinton states that genocide cannot occur without a basis of ideology that the perpetrators feel justifies their behavior. Clearly this makes the Holocaust a prime example, and Hinton places great emphasis on the supposed anthropological basis for many Nazi ideologies. Primarily amongst these are those regarding the Jews, who were defined by the Nazis as a lesser breed of humanity due to their stereotypical ethnic features, which differed in some ways from the â€Å"ideal† Aryan. This anthropological view that Jews were sub-human played a major role in Nazi justification of their treatment of the Jews, from basic imprisonment to systematic killing and use in ghastly medical experiments like those carried out by Josef Mengele. Hinton also discusses the psychological blocks put in place by the Nazis themselves in order to avoid full comprehension of their misdeeds. This included the frequent use of obscure terms and code words that were used in place of clear descriptions of the atrocities carried out on prisoners by Mengele and other Nazis. This suggests that even ideology couldn’t fully convince even the Nazis that what they were doing was right, and subconciously they corrected for this by softening the appearance of their crimes, at least in writing. Baumel, JT. (2000). â€Å"You Said the Words You Wanted Me to Hear But I Heard The Words You Couldn't Bring Yourself To Say†: Women's First Person Accounts of the Holocaust. The Oral History Review. 27, 17-18. This article offers a unique view of some of Mengele's forgotten victims, the mothers of many of the children used in his experiments. It's well documented that Mengele was highly interested in performing experiments on twins, and he took great care to sort twin children out from the rest of the Jews brought to Auschwitz by train. Twins were often yanked from their mothers grasps and the mothers sent off to their deaths never knowing what became of their children, while other times the mothers themselves were also involved in the experiments. This article examines both situations, with particular attention paid to the later group- Mengele was interested in what caused the twin phenomenon, and did tests on the Jewish mothers of twins in hopes of discovering the cause of twin births. Other mothers were forced to take part in the tests conducted on their own children, sometimes forced to inject their children with unknown substances, many of which had terrible effects. This had an obvious severe psychological effect on these mothers, which Baumel explores in detail through first hand accounts. Other times, pregnant women were selected by Mengele for experimentation, such as one mother that had her newborn child taken from her and was forced to watch it starve to death as Mengele sought to determine how long a newborn could survive without its mother. Other pregnant women were experimented on, with injections and surgery. Through this and other terrible descriptions, Baumel illustrates not only the horrors of Mengele's experimentation, but also the terrible effect it had on the women they involved.

A5-Chpt 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A5-Chpt 7 - Assignment Example Its other fundamental role is in the industrial field, where it acts like a trade organization. Through this it enables the preservation of a secure ACH Network and at the same time, taking into account the public sentiments (NACHA). There are numerous innovations and technologies in emergence, thus changing the manner in which businesses access, utilize and transit their money. The current world is shifting into an electronic and mobile infrastructure (NACHA). This depicts the essence of securing the electronic payments to ensure that they operate as expected by the consumers. Here the ACH Network emerges into involvement because it makes all these possibilities into action. In addition, NACHA is the trustee of this payment network. The major participants involved when making an ACH e-payment are the originator, ODFI, ACH operator, RDFI, receiver and the third party processor (NACHA). There are various changes and upcoming projects that are emerging from the ACH Network. Some are already in implementation while others are still in the planning stage. However, there is one outstanding project that is underway and it entails authorization proof for non-consumer entries. This project will be effective by the end of the 2014 year, awaiting its implementation (NACHA). Currently, RDFIs are often not asked to provide authorization proof for their card transaction entries. This will improve the security protection, thus impeding any corrupt activities when transacting business and making payments. This is a relevant project coming up in the ACH that will boost its network

M.Sc.in supply chain management (DT351) Purchasing Assignment

M.Sc.in supply chain management (DT351) Purchasing - Assignment Example Although, it was considered before that the supplier is happy to form relationship with the company and same was the case considered for the buyers i.e. buyers are looking to form relationships with the company and this is the reason why they are buying the product from the company. However research shows that this is not the situation in most of the cases. The needs and satisfaction of suppliers and customers do not match in different cases and either one of these parties loses their money in forming relationship. Therefore in order to discuss the relationship between the buyers and suppliers, a four quadrants purchasing portfolio from the perspective of buyers has been presented below: (Santema and Verheul, 2012) The above four quadrants represent four different situations of buyers. However the focus of this section of the report has been on the second quadrant which is ‘Routine’. Therefore, the routine quadrant has been discussed in detail in this part of the report. The other sections of the report discusses about the other three quadrants and the relation of buyers with the suppliers in the other three quadrants. Moreover, the report applies the above matrix on New Bridge Cutlery Company in the last part of this report. QUADRANT #2: ROUTINE The second quadrant is ‘Routine’ which includes products that are purchased on a regular or routine basis by the consumer. This quadrant means Process reduction which means that the cost of demand are not equal to the value given by the consumer, thus the value will be low as well as the complexity. Santema (2011) has said that in routine cases, the products and services are available in the market; therefore there are no high rewards in forming relationships with the suppliers for the buyers. Moreover, Santema (2011) added that in such cases, the buyers are looking for transactional exchange. Gelderman and Weele (2002) have stated that buyers in routine cases are looking for more efficient pr ocesses. It has been said that buyers do not put much effort in order to create the relationship in this quadrants. On the other hand, the suppliers have to go an extra mile in order to make sure that the customers are satisfied and they are able to receive the products or service they want to. Therefore there has been a drastic mismatch between the two stakeholders. Buyers are not likely to pay attention in routine products. As there are many suppliers available, thus this mismatches the demand and supply of these routine products and this reduces the risk and therefore consumers do not give high attention. In such a scenario, the buyers are the dominators (Gelderman and Weele, 2002). Identifying a preferred supplier and then working solely with that supplier could change the position. This could result in reducing the valuable purchasing management time. Portier et al (2011) have claimed that generally buyers do not form such relationships or do not prefer any supplier for routine products or services and buyers do not form supplier relationship. This relationship has been termed as the Key Supplier Management. The main reasons for such relationship not being formed are the barriers that restrict them. These barriers include inability to integrate the purchasing or procurement activities with the other activities, complexities involved in building relationships of supplier portfolio and implementing them, and limited knowledge about value co-creation between

WIred LAN Versus Wireless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WIred LAN Versus Wireless - Assignment Example tter than wireless ones, wireless networks are difficult to set up and troubleshooting is also very difficult, it is much different in the case of wired networks. Wireless networks provide mobility but wired networks can never do so, these were some of the major differences between the two. When it comes to covering a large area, the wired networks are very expensive. The wiring and cabling process is both time consuming and expensive, on the other hand wireless network doesn’t cost as much and it is hassle free. When it comes to speed wired networks offer better speed than wireless ones. This is because the connection is shared under wireless networks but the connection is not shared under wired networks hence the user gets better speed with wired networks. The difference between wired and wireless networks is the most common question asked; it is very easy to answer this one. When communication between two devices takes place without cables, it is called a wireless network, when communication between two devices takes place with cables; it is called a wired network. Wireless networks have made life easier; the communication takes place with the help of radio waves, Bluetooth etc have made life so much easier and uncomplicated. Music can be shared with others with the help of Bluetooth, wireless internet can be accessed which is very convenient and amazing. The mobility and the freedom are two of the biggest advantages of a wireless network. The clutter of wires is completely eliminated by using a wireless network. Ethernet is also known as wired networks, it has been around for quite some time now. The CAT5 cables are used to connect these wired networks, it is quite speedy and secure when compared to a wireless network. The overall cost of a wired network is much cheaper than that of a wireless network. Wireless networks have become popular in homes but in offices it is yet to pick up popularity. Wireless networks are ideal for time saving and relocation,

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children Essay

Legal Implications of False Memories in Children - Essay Example 's account matches the other children's testimony Might there be some truth in these testimonies that he judges and lawyers are overlooking Organizations such as the the False Memory Syndrome Foundation have continually stuck to the premise that any memory generated as a result of therapy is based on a lie and should be classified as unintentional lying because the therapist induced it suggested it or guided it. They further state that as part of their training psychiatrists are taught mind control techniques therefore they can implant a memory that was not there and the judges or lawyers would not be able to know the truth when the patient testifies. (Murphy 1997) For most advocates the best defense strategy against these cases is usually to claim the memories of trauma are all in the victims head. With the revelation of this research, defense lawyers can now cite the study. They can then move to file pre-trial motions challenging the reliability of the testimony based on recovered memories hence dismiss its admissibility in court. These motions should be filed early enough so as to dismiss and call for summary judgment. The defense can also seek to offer its own "expert "opinion based on this scientific study to the plaintiff's scientific theories that the brain can avoid or repress traumatic information and remember it later. The defense will further seek to bring forth evidence from published and unpublished studies purporting to demonstrate the existence of "false memory syndrome." And try to justify its existence in that particular child. The defense will also seek to introduce research allegedly showing that the mind can be "implanted" with false memories. Defendants may also try to offer evidence that traumatic events are highly memorable and cannot be repressed. The plaintiff or the Childs legal representative would first seek to crash any motion flied that seeks to scientifically explain the child's state of mind and use it as evidence. Since none of the theories can evaluates and prove a child is capable of repressing memories. Accordingly, the evidence should not be used regardless of scientific reliability because it is irrelevant and cannot assist the jury in coming up with a concrete decision (Bauer 2002). The plaintiff's best approach is to expect this defense strategy and take the first action by filing a motion to exclude the

Moral and Ethical Principles of Self and of Company Literature review

Moral and Ethical Principles of Self and of Company - Literature review Example Three types of right vs. right problems of â€Å"dirty hands† situations were discussed by Badaracco (1997). The first problem is the crises of moral identity on which a person has responsibilities to himself and to others. The second problem is the conflict of moral identity and personal integrity which a person has responsibilities for others. This type of problem is usually faced by middle managers wherein they have responsibilities for their subordinates and their superiors. The third is considered to be the most complex on which the first two problems are present. The person facing this problem has responsibilities to himself, to others and for others. I should say that the situation I am facing is an example of the third type of problem. This is because I have responsibilities and commitment to myself to become a decent and honest manager. I always wanted to be on top of everything but with principles and standards governing myself. I cannot tolerate dishonesty, bribery, and lies. I also swore that I will uphold the vision and mission of the company which includes honesty and integrity as well as to follow company policies to make sales. Besides these responsibilities, I also have accountability for my team and my department. I have a duty to my subordinates to manage our performances and keep the sales up. This means keeping our job at the same time. It is also my job to provide good sales to my superiors, to my department, and to my company. In Barry Schwartz’ s TED talk (2009), he quoted Aristotle saying that practical wisdom â€Å"is the combination of moral will and moral skill.†

Bibliographical Study of Giovanni Boccaccio Essay

Bibliographical Study of Giovanni Boccaccio - Essay Example Giovanni Boccaccio spent his boyhood in the hills about Settignago in the woods above the Mensola and the valley of the Affrico. There is little information available regarding his early years. According to the writings of Giovanni , he was able to read and write at the age of seven, further with Giovanni di Domenico Mazzuoli da Strada he began the study of grammar. (Hutton, E. 12) After that Giovanni was set to study Mathematics and the more he knew about accounting and bookkeeping, the more he hated it. Still hoping to see the son prosperous in a classical way, Giovanni’s father sent him Naples to become a merchant. Giovanni writes later, that â€Å"If my father had dealt wisely with me I might have been among the great poets.† (Hutton, E. 19) Either this way or the other, Giovanni ended up studying law, which, as it seems, he enjoyed no more then banking. The studying of the law allowed him to establish good contact with students. Humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Gio vanni Barrili, and the theologian Dionigi da San Sepolcro should be emphasized when it comes to speaking about the early influences of Boccaccio. Giovanni managed to put up with his stepmother until the moment, when she gave birth to his stepbrother – Francesco. The reflections of Giovanni back on his childhood seem to be filled with grief and sorrow. (Hutton, E. 15-20). Boccaccio saw Maria d'Acquino, a married woman and natural daughter of King Robert, in 1334 for the first time. The woman was the inspiration of his early works, once coming into his life, she never left him. The golden hair, shining eyes, and the milk-white skin, her love was the greatest prize of his youth. (Hutton, E. 30) Even though the fact that Boccaccio found his inspiration in a woman can hardly be doubted, still there is no documental proof that Maria ever existed and was not a product of wild imagination of one of the greatest writers that had ever existed. The reason why particular consideration sh ould be given to the early years of Boccaccio and his first romantic love is that these events pre-determined his further life. Maria introduced Boccaccio to court and merged him to write. 2. Petrarch: Lifelong Friend and Teacher After being called by father back to Florence in 1341, Boccaccio met his lifelong friend and master Petrarch. Undoubtedly, ever since the moment in 1350, when Boccaccio met Petrarch, he was under his influence. This resulted in a

Dream Analysis Essay Example for Free

Dream Analysis Essay John [customer may change/remove his/her name here] has a military background and has spent his childhood in a boarding school. Overall, his childhood was happy and content and his favorite toys to play were trucks which he sometimes even wanted to build out of stray wooden logs and old tires. For the past couple of days John has been having a few recurrent dreams. In the following discourse of dream analysis and analysis on the basis of psychoanalytic personality theory, it will be examined how the fascinating world of the unconscious portrays to the conscious world a glimpse of that infinite universe that resides within each and every one of us. Every night John dreams that he is being chased by a figure in a hooded cloak and long hair that suddenly fades into a door which he cannot open. Bizarre as it may seem, John walks into the door and there is darkness everywhere – but as soon as there is enough light for him to see, he realizes that he is walking on water and there are ships all around him. Without furtherance, the dream ends and John wakes up confused and worried. John can neither comprehend the worry he has nor can he understand the odd turn of events in his dream. It is often said that each human being is a tiny universe within himself or herself. Each person has within him/her a great constellation of ideas, feelings, emotions, wants, needs and many other such aspects which make the person unique and individual and thus even a single case study can prove to be a study of a lifetime. â€Å"The dream is a little hidden door in the innermost and most secret recesses of the soul, opening into that cosmic night which was psyche long before there was any ego-consciousness, and which will remain psyche no matter how far our ego-consciousness extends. † These words belonged to this very noted and lauded psychoanalyst, Carl Gustav Jung, a proponent of Analytical Psychology and the inventor of the famous terms of today such as ‘collective unconscious’, ‘archetypes’ and ‘persona’. In the therapy, Jung’s methodology of treatment worked on the profound principles of word associations, free associations, dream analysis, transference and counter-transference. Dreams remained, however, one of the most significant works of Jung since there had been little work done on it since Freud. Jung’s therapeutic techniques and analysis of dreams provide a much more culturally rich and avid interpretations that cover a great breadth of subjects and ideas. Whereas Freud would interpret dreams as a ‘royal road to the unconscious’ that mostly leads to sexual discussions of a male-dominated structure, Jung’s discussion would profit the reader more in terms of how rich his theory is with motifs from all across the world. He had the cultural and cognitive openness to absorb ideas and patterns from cultures which belonged to distant lands as well as to designs which were close to his own religion, nation and race. His theory of personality speaks of not simplistic desires of sex and aggression; rather it takes a comprehensive look at the various types of personality in terms of their functions. According to Jungs theory, personalities are categorized in both extroverted and oriented toward subjective experiences (Miller 2004). Dreams are not looked up by a codebook, dictionary or even an almanac. You cannot have a standard glossary of dreams (Coolidge, 2006) which can simply pinpoint to you the exact source and destination of your dream. Even the most simplest of psychoanalysis would require a complete case study of the person and delve into the backgrounds and relationships of the dreamer rather than arbitrary guesswork. â€Å"Nobody doubts the importance of conscious experience; why then should we doubt the significance of unconscious happenings? They are also the part of our life, and sometimes more truly a pert of it for weal or woe than any happenings of the day† (Jung, 1970). Jung wrote a variety of articles, developing and perfecting his theory over a period of time (Adams 2004) which led to the collection of all his articles under a book called Dreams (1974). For John’s case we will discuss the two basic categories of dreams given by Jung: (1) Reactive (2) Compensatory Reactive dreams are coming as a reaction to some kind of trauma or repression faced by the individual. Most dreams fall, however, in the compensatory category, where the present moment attitudes or compromises of the ego are reflected back. Compensatory dreams present alternative perspectives that have been repressed, dissociated or otherwise defensively excluded by the ego (Addams 2004). Jung’s theory of personality suggested that there exists the ‘collective unconscious’, a set of influences that we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the past. This collective unconscious is shared by everyone and is displayed by behavior that is shown as common across all cultures. Loving your mother, belief in a supreme being, fear of dark, cold places, and perceiving certain images as positive and certain images as negative are all results of the collective unconscious of which the entire race is a part of. Jung believed that the collective unconscious has ‘archetypes’ which were the universal symbolic representations of a particular person object or experience (Feldman, 1993). One of these archetypes is the ‘mother archetype’, a symbolic representation of a mother-figure present across all cultures, religions, literature, myths and even fairy tales (Virgin Mary, Mother Hubbard, Kali, fairy godmother etc. ). In John’s case the dreams seem to be of the second kind, which is the most common kind. Owing from John’s history that was taken prior to analysis (as per rule of psychoanalysis itself), it is seen that John has not been in any kind of traumatic experience lately which could lead to show that his dreams are in any way a reactive phenomenon to some event. It seems as if the ego, which is conducting the job of maintaining the deep secrets of the collective unconscious which tries to seep through our dreams, feelings, premonitions and behavioral idiosyncrasies. John’s history reveals that his favorite passion as a child was building tracks, as mentioned before, and he would often use his mother’s stray clips and pins while trying to make trucks. Once, he recalls, during his free association sessions, that his mother had gone out for the afternoon for a little while and he was left alone with his toys. John had sneaked into his mother’s room and taken all the clips and pins he could find to build a tiny engine for his truck out of the old cardboard boxes lying around in the attic. It did not thus struck as odd to the therapist when John responded with the word ‘road’ with the word ‘pins’. Word association technique, also propounded by Carl Jung, was a technique where the individual is given a list of words. To these set of words, the individual is asked to respond to the first response that comes to the mind. In modern day interpretation, reaction time and expressions are also noted. In Jung’s original version the main practices were focused on the response the individual gave to the words. In John’s case, the response to the word ‘road’ came as ‘pins’ which could have explained his recollection of his childhood methodology of building trucks through borrowing the pins from his mother’s dresser. John also remembers being scolded by his mother very sternly regarding the stealing of pins. He remembers his mother telling him that although what he stole was not of much significance, it did however matter that he stole something which was wrong on every account. John remembers crying and repeating the word ‘sorry’ many times and considers this to be one of his more memorable events in his childhood. The military set up, of which John is a part of, also establishes a certain emphasis on rule-abiding and a formidable outlook on immoral practices. Discipline and control are a big part of John’s life, so it is not surprising that such an event in childhood where his moral qualities were called into question continue to remain vivid in his memories. Although John’s energies have been channelized constructively, he does report feeling more inclined towards construction and manual labor oriented tasks, which speak of his childhood pastime of building trucks. In his dream John is chased by a figure which has long hair and a cloak, easily represented by an evil mother archetype. John may be harboring feelings in his personal unconscious, which is different from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the combination of the residue of the personal events and experiences of the individual’s life, whereas the collective unconscious is the collective residue of the events and lives of the ancestors’ of the individual which is shared by all members of the society. Here since the archetype is professed as the evil mother archetype (given in the form of various myths and religions such as Kali, the Death Goddess, Evil Enchantress, Vivien and the Witch in Hansel and Gretel (Fox, 1994), we can understand John’s residual and unconscious fear of his mother. The dream can be further interpreted in terms of his fear and overall overpowering sense of moral code and ethics which guides his childhood memories as well as present day ambitions. This fear of childhood and present day fear of judgment may be symbolized as the evil mother since the ‘shadow’ may have a will of its own. The concept of ‘shadow’ by Carl Jung is synonymous to the concept of ‘id’ by Sigmund Freud, which represents all the carnal and basic desires of the person. The Greeks separated the mother archetype in both good and bad ways, whether it was the sexual version of Aphrodite, the virgin Artemis, the motherly Demeter and the dominating Hera (Fox, 1994). The mother figure symbolized as evil in John’s dream does not necessarily mean that John hates his mother or considers her as evil. It is simply a symbolic representation and interpretation of ideas and themes that are considered as overwhelming or powerful which have taken the connection of childhood memories, themes and ideas. The door and the sea both represent an initiation into a world that is unknown and thus a voyage into the unknown is found in this particular sequence of the dream. The sea has various interpretations in terms of archetypes and expresses a vast majority of meanings including an initiation, a voyage, an uneasy division between order and chaos, the eternal mother, etc (Carlson, 1986). A study was conducted on the archetype of doors and it was found that doors represent safety and keep bad things from getting in or help in escape if danger threatens. A door may represent a way out, a way to safety (Hatala, 1992). This dream could possibly mean that the door symbolizes a certain escape and balance that was brought from the uncertainty in life. The uncertainty that could have arisen from the difference in ambition and the difference in the current profession is absolved through the doorway of channelizing the energies into a positive way, for example, by joining the military. For the process of deindividuation, which Jung called the process of discovering the deepest of potentials of a person, dreams provide as powerful tools and cues in order to discover and fulfill the calls of the inner psyche. In John’s dreams the call of the unconscious seems to be towards the ego and the persona (synonymous to the Freudian ‘ego’ or reality principle) which absolves the conflicts of the ego. John seems to doubt his ego which the ego in turn does not want it to do. It wants John to make peace with the investment of his energies. The dream starts with the evil mother archetype and seems to end with the ‘sea’ or the eternal mother archetype. This means that there is peace within the system of John’s unconscious, yet this peace needs to be maintained, accepted and realized by the individual himself. Works Cited: Addams, M. V. (2004). The Fantasy Principle: Psychoanalysis of the Imagination. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Carlson, P. A. (1986). Literature and lore of the sea. Costerus, new ser. , v. 52. Amsterdam: Rodopi. Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Dream interpretation as a psychotherapeutic technique. Oxford: Radcliffe. Feldman, R. S. (1993). Psychology. [New York]: McGraw-Hill. Fox, R. (1994). The challenge of anthropology old encounters and new excursions. New Brunswick, N. J. , U. S. A. : Transaction. Hatala, L. J. (1992). Incredibly American releasing the heart of quality. Milwaukee, Wis: ASQC Quality Press. Jung, C. G. (1953). Psychological reflections an anthology of the writings of C. G. Jung. London: Routledge and K. Paul. Miller, C. A. , Miller, C. A. (2004). Nursing for wellness in older adults: theory and practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

The International Product Life Cycle Model Theory Economics Essay

The International Product Life Cycle Model Theory Economics Essay The intent of Vernon, International Product Life Cycle model (IPLC) was to advance trade theory beyond David Ricardos static framework of comparative advantages. In 1817, Ricardo came up with a simple economic experiment to explain the benefits to any country that was engaged in international trade even if it could produce all products at the lowest cost and would seem to have no need to trade with foreign partners. He showed that it was advantageous for a country with an absolute advantage in all product categories to trade and allows its work force to specialise in those categories with the highest added value. Vernon focused on the dynamics of comparative advantage and drew inspiration from the product life cycle to explain how trade patterns change over time. New products are manufactured, produced and consumed in the developed (inventing) countries. Then, other high-income countries import it. Production spreads to other advanced countries. The standardised product begins to be produced out of advanced countries into low-wage nation. Advanced countries import it from the low wage countries and Next generation product invented in the advanced countries. Globalisation- Business Environment The tremendous growth of international trade over the past several decades has been both a primary cause and effect of globalization. The volume of world trade since 1950 has increased twenty-fold from $320 billion to $6.8 trillion.1 This increase in the trade of manufactured goods exceeds the increase in the rate of the production of these goods by three times. As a result, consumers around the world now enjoy a broader selection of products than ever before. Additionally, a whole host of U.S. government agencies and international institutions has been established to help manage the ever-growing flow of goods, services, and capital. Although increased international trade has spurred tremendous economic growth across the globe raising incomes, creating jobs, reducing prices, and increasing workers earning power trade can also bring about certain kinds of economic, political, and social disruption. Because the global economy is so interconnected, when large economies suffer recessions, the effects are felt around the world. Trade decreases, and domestic jobs and businesses are lost. In the same way that globalization can be a boon for international trade; it can also have a crushing impact(www.globalization101.org) Offshoreing trend lower wages The shift of productive capacity from the advanced countries to poor countries can be viewed as a commonality of interest among advanced country business groups and Third World elites, who act in concert against workers both in the U. S. and in developing countries. It can also be viewed as a strategy to change the balance of power between Capital and Labour. By shifting production to jurisdictions which favour Capital, owners gain a larger share of revenue and power, while workers everywhere suffer Multinational enterprises (MNEs) had provided huge number of the employment in countries like Indonesian, Vietnam. It not only solves the countries unemployment rate furthermore it will increase the country GDP and lead to the industrialization process of the country by learning the technical know-hows and other industrial automation process. Countries Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flow will increase; it will improve the exchange and currency rates .Good Employment opportunities directs to better living standard and high purchasing power. Nevertheless, the poor wages, Vietnam and low wage nations can welcome the offshore trend and implement the foreign policies accordingly. Over the last two decades, the advanced economies experienced a boom in off shoring and a doubling of imports of manufactured goods from low-wage countries. Over this same period, approximately 6 million jobs were lost in manufacturing and income inequality increased sharply.These parallel developments led many critics of globalisation to conclude that good manufacturing jobs were being shipped overseas at the expense of the domestic labour force, putting downward pressure on wages of American workers. Concern over these developments led the US Congress to pass the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004. Yet whether these changes in the US labour market are a result of rising import competition or relocation by multinationals to other countries (known as off shoring) is not clear. Paul Krugman (2008) claims that we will never know. He asks How can we quantify the actual effect of rising trade on wages?, and then answers: The answer, given the current state of the data, is that we cant. Yet Krugman suspects that the dramatic increase in manufactured imports from developing countries since the early 1990s has contributed to increasing income inequality. Earlier studies explained rising inequality as a result of technological change which favours skilled workers, a falling minimum wage, or weaker unions (Autor, Katz and Kearney 2008). Larry Katz and David Autor agree with Krugman, arguing that international trade and offshoring will be increasingly important rivers of wages in the future. Theoretically capital mobility should result in higher wages for workers in the developing world, but often it does not. An egregious example of this phenomenon is Nike, the sports shoe manufacturer. Nike makes shoes by contracting with producers in Asian countries. Aggressively seeking the lowest cost, Nike recently moved production from Korea to Indonesia, a military dictatorship which violently represses union activity. The shoes you pay $80 for in the United States are assembled by Indonesian women, working in squalid factories, who receive approximately twelve cents per pair http://home.home.pacbell.net/jfcowan) Benefits of relocating to poor countries For certain occupations there is a greater availability of highly skilled and experienced employees overseas for example manufacturing skills in china and Information technology, Bangalore, India. Cost advantage Companies can save 30-50% compared to the cost of a U.S.-based employee for the same level of performance, and of ten times the offshore employees are more committed, grateful for the work. By using an offshore employee, you eliminate the time you would normally spend on searching job boards, recruiting, interviewing, orientation, managing vacation time and absenteeism, career coaching, and managing employee morale and motivation. Employee issues can be time-consuming and can escalate into legal liabilities. Using offshore staff eliminates certain legal exposure to employment liabilities. Flexibility Unlike traditional employee relationships, off shoring eliminates hiring and termination costs, allowing companies to quickly expand and contract their overseas staff in accordance with business needs. Challenges and considerations Before deciding the relocation plant, the firm has to address the key challenges with respect to cultural, Tax policy, cost savings. Different cultures have different life styles, different attitudes toward conflict resolution and simply different ways of getting work done. Offshore outsourcing is a politically charged issue nowadays, for example the current US government has passed the bill against outsourcing. Expected cost savings might not result from offshore outsourcing. The offshore staff might not turn out to be as productive as expected. Quality of the product also matters for the firm Brand equity. Off shoring can lead to low production cost, if the firm can address all the above mentioned challenges. But, selling the large quantities of the new goods immediately in the poor and low wages countries are always uncertain and it is a risky process also. Every firm has their unique marketing plan and strategy of their products. But, in general poor countries Gross Domestic Product(GDP), Income per captia, and purchasing power of the consumers very less when compare with advanced countries like UK,USA,Germany,France.Canada. Selling a new product in the market requires lot of marketing research and sampling. Due to the uncertain market environment, political disability and consumer behaviour firms are finding difficulties in implementing marketing plan and strategies for the poor countries. In my opinion selling the new goods in the poor countries requires deep understanding of local market and consumer tastes. As per the WTO and ILO reports, more than 3.5 billion people are living in the poor countries. So, firms should understand the culture, life style, of the people to market and sell their products. The plant location and country alone cant decide the success of their products. Findings and recommendations Todays globalization and dynamic business environment has made Production life cycle Theory out of date. Global trade has increased significantly in the last 10- 15 years, thanks to the globalisation world but in the same time inequalities are also increasing. Shifting the production facility or off shoring the manufacturing jobs can increase the profit of the firm due to talent pool, low wages in the poor countries but to achieve this, it has to addresses the challenges of off shoring and draft the business strategies and plans effectively. But quality of the product /service and productivity are the major concern to be addresses by the off shore industry. GDP, income per captia, purchasing power, consumer behaviours are the major deciding factors for buying a new product in any part of the world. All poor countries above mentioned ratios are very less when compare to advanced countries .So launching a new product in poor countries is risky and uncertain even though the product is m anufactured in the same country. Firms should analyze the marketing plans strategy for the poor countries and apply in the poor counties with respect to the market and other demographic factors. Conclusion Globalisation phenomenon gaining across the globe. Trade and culture are exchanging rapidly, thaks, to the advance technology. Shifting the production jobs or off shoring the manufactured jobs has their own advantage and disadvantages. Off shoring has lot of benefits to their own or home country (capital abundant) and new host country (labour abundant) as well. in the same time it has to address the lot of issue in both host and home country with respect to culture, tax policy , environment and other factors. In the open market world firms have the rights to maximize the profits doing offshoreing if obey the terms and condition of the both own and host countries and it should be follow the framework of WTO and ILO

Explore How Much Ado About Nothing Present Ideas About Love English Literature Essay

Explore How Much Ado About Nothing Present Ideas About Love English Literature Essay Figuratively, the fair lord represents pure love and the woman represents lust. These two types of love are contrasted against each other, which allows the reader to evaluate and think about the ideas each type of love presents. However, where is the humanity within this sonnet? There is no mention of humans; one can only be classed as an angel or a devil. How would one go about attaining an angel, one of the purest beings that dwells in heaven? Perhaps the fact that Shakespeare has likened the fair lord to an angel is for the simple fact that he cannot attain him, that pure love cannot be attained. This idea of likening love to something that is unattainable is replicated in Much Ado About Nothing. Shakespeare has the character Claudio fall in love with Hero at first sight. When Benedick asks Claudio if he will buy her, he replies: Can the world buy such a jewel? Despite likening Hero to something as perfect as a jewel, again there is no humanity within a jewel. Combined with the idea that the world cannot, in fact, buy this jewel seems to suggest that Hero (this completely pure virgin) is unattainable. Perhaps Shakespeare is trying to suggest that if you compare love with wonderful and perfect objects then you simply wont be able to attain it, just like you cannot attain an angel or a priceless jewel. This idea is applicable in modern society. In Much Ado, Hero is portrayed as this completely pure and innocent virgin. Being compared to that of unattainable priceless jewels, Shakespeare highlights how a woman like Hero (in most cases) is unattainable. In todays modern society it would probably be extremely rare to find a woman like Hero, whereas perhaps in Shakespeares time it was more common, especially if the woman was of high social status. One might say that there was more of an expectation for women to behave in certain ways during Elizabethan England. However Shakespeare added the character of Margaret to his play, perhaps to juxtapose the expectations society held for a high class woman to that of an ordinary servant. Margaret seems to represent more of a realistic view on how love and relationships will be, not pure and perfect, but flawed and tainted (by physical love). Shakespeare seems to allude that a more pragmatic and realistic view to love is needed in order for it to succeed. Sonnet 130 takes more of a practical view to love. Its meaning is simple: the dark ladys beauty cannot measure up to the beauty of a goddess or to that found in nature, for she is a mortal human being. Shakespeare rejects deification of the dark lady: I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. Here the poet overtly states that his mistress is not a goddess and cannot even begin to rank close to one. Although this seems to be extremely unflattering, it is also the truth. After all, no mortal being can actually compare to a god or a goddess. She is also not as beautiful as things found in nature: My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips red. Yet Shakespeare loves her in spite of this, and in the closing couplet says that she is actually as extraordinary (rare) as any woman depicted with such overstated or false comparisons. Shakespeare has accepted the fact that his mistress is not perfect and that she will indeed have flaws, yet so does he. Sonnet 130 may be suggesting that if you recognise and accept the fact that love will have flaws and is not some perfect idealistic emotion, then the likelihood of the love lasting is more likely. This blunt but charming sincerity is also seen in Much Ado between Beatrice and Benedick. These two characters have never been pleasant with each other, and whenever they meet, they often continue a merry war between them. They have known each other of old and seem to enjoy fencing insults at each other, using them to show their true feelings of fondness towards one another. When the playwright makes his characters confess to one another there is no employment of blank verse, just simple prose. Beatrice and Benedicks confessions seem to go against the stereotypical, grand Shakespearean love confessions: I protest I love thee I was about to protest that I loved you These two characters appear to be aware of their downfalls and seem to have a mutual respect between them. The love between these two seems to be more realistic than the bashful sincerity and comely love that exists between Hero and Claudio. However, because of this there appears to be more room for Beatrice and Benedicks love to grow. Shakespeare seems to favour the idea of love as an actuality than an ideal because he appears to suggest that thinking of love as an ideal will end in tragedy. In Sonnet 116 Shakespeare refers to love as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the star to every wandering bark. While the image given to us by the poet is initially one of constancy, the idea that love will guide those who follow it to their desired destination, one must question the feasibility of it. Stars reside up in Space, and while it is true that they can be used to provide direction (in the case of the North Star, Polaris), one can never touch a star. In fact, one would never be able to get close to a star, as it is a mass of burning gas that would have you severely burned before you could even attempt to get near it. Because of this, you can never attain a star and so perhaps with this line in the sonnet Shakespeare is trying to say that, although love has the potential to be this wonderful, shining ideal like a star, the actuality is that if you blindly follow this ideal then you will get hurt. Another point about stars is that they will eventually burn out and die, they do not last forever. This seems to create a contradiction in Sonnet 116 as the overall theme of this sonnet appears to be how constant and everlasting love is. Shakespeare even goes so far as to say that: Loves not Times fool, Yet stars are always falling victim to time, being ravaged and then eventually destroyed by it. This seems rather ironic and seems to reinforce the idea of love being something that is unattainable, especially if you cling on to the perspective that love is something that is constant, perfect and pure. Not only does Shakespeare mention Polaris in Sonnet 116, but he also mentions it in Act 2, Scene One of Much Ado where the character Benedick is claiming that Beatrice: would infect the north star. The fact that the character of Beatrice is so nasty that she can influence something that is not even reachable puts her in a very negative light. After all, if she can affect something as bright and pure as a star, then she can affect anything. This claim not only appears to besmirch Beatrices reputation, but the idea of pure love itself. Perhaps Shakespeare introduces this idea of pure love being impressionable so early on in his play to make the audience consider realism in love. One may argue that this quote highlights just how easily influenced pure love can be, and how it can be tainted. Sonnet 144 continues the idea that pure love can be tainted: And whether that my angel be turned fiend Suspect I may, yet not directly tell. Shakespeare could be suggesting how easy it is for pure love to be contaminated by that of physical love. Perhaps he is suggesting that it is not possible to just have the former because an impure aspect will eventually sully it.   Though love can bring out the best in all of us, it can also cloud our judgement and expose the worst in all human beings. Claudio is used by Shakespeare to illustrate this point further. This character is constantly subjected to the emotion of jealousy. During the masked ball, Claudio immediately takes Benedicks statement of, The prince hath got your Hero to mean that Don Pedro has betrayed him and wooed Hero for his own. Later on in the play, Don John convinces Claudio that Hero is having an affair. Rather than proceeding with matters in a calm and mature manner, Claudio decides to exact revenge on their wedding day. This immediate change of heart in Claudio makes one question the strength of the love Claudio holds for his fiancà ©e. One moment he is completely infatuated with her, referring to her as a jewel, yet the character is calling Hero a rotten orange and accusing her of being an approvà ¨d wanton the next. Claudios ideas of love being this perfect ideal are shattered over the events that occur in the play, yet he seems to grow because of this. Shakespeare made it so that Claudio had to learn to appreciate Hero, and for him to realise that not all can be perfect when it comes to love. Because of this, when the two characters finally get married at the end of the play the audience is given the impression that their relationship actually has a foundation on which to can flourish, as opposed to the unstable relationship that was likely to happen between these two had they gotten married on the original wedding day. Shakespeare uses a vast array of techniques within his sonnets and Much Ado that highlight how love really is an unattainable, perfect ideal. All of Shakespeares sonnets consist of three quatrains and a final rhyming couplet which is composed in iambic parameter. The rhyme scheme for the sonnets are ABAB. Sonnet 144 is no exception to this, and is constructed in the usual Shakespearean sonnet manner. Perhaps the poet chose this conventional method of writing the sonnet because the ideas presented within the sonnet are conventional. It is not to hard to imagine becoming disillusioned between the two types of love, as we all yearn for something permanent and lasting, a pure love, yet humans also succumb to temptation and can fall victim to the desire for a purely physical encounter. As these two types of love both offer something completely different, one must struggle to choose the right one, which Shakespeare says is the pure love presented by the fair lord. However as I mentioned ea rlier, it is not possible to attain an angel. The fact that Sonnet 144 is written this way is rather ironic as the poet is writing about his conflicting emotions and the disorder that they bring, yet iambic pentameter suggests order and harmony. Perhaps Shakespeare could be suggesting that you can attempt to make love a perfect and ordered ideal but the reality is that you will, in most cases, have some element of discord. In my opinion I feel that Sonnet 130 utilises iambic pentameter to maximum effect. Shakespeare has admitted that his mistress is not perfect, yet he loves her nonetheless. This view the poet appears to hold, that love is better thought of as an actuality, seems to suggest that love will be much stronger this way. Rather than have everything be perfect, if you know about the others imperfections and accept them, then you will achieve harmony within your relationship. This is why I feel that the use of iambic pentameter is essential in this sonnet: it highlights the fact that this type of love is more likely to provide security and a sense of order, despite not being a perfect ideal. Iambic pentameter is also used in Much Ado, to elevate the importance of love in the play. When Claudio is confessing how he feels about Hero, he claims that when he looked upon her: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦thronging soft and delicate desires, All prompting me how fair young Hero is Came to him. As this happens early on in the play, the audience seems to get the (wrong) impression of harmony in the relationship of Claudio and Hero being prominent. Yet maybe the playwright deliberately did this to emphasise the fact that the complex emotion of love cannot be completely ordered when the characters relationship falls apart. In direct contrast with this, the seemingly more ordered love Shakespeare gives to Beatrice and Benedick is written in simple prose. At no point in the play do Beatrice and Benedick speak in blank verse to one another, this suggests that the two characters are comfortable with one another and perhaps feel a sense of security between them. Perhaps the playwright only utilised prose between this couple to accentuate the fact that the characters do not view love as a perfect, ordered ideal. A subtle technique Shakespeare uses to define his characters and the type of love that they are likely to have is by their names. Benedicks name comes from the Latin word bene meaning good and blessed. Beatrices name also has a similar meaning: the one who blesses. The love between Beatrice and Benedick is portrayed as a more realistic view on love, yet ultimately they seem happy together. While they have attained love, they do not view the emotion as a perfect ideal and so perhaps this is why their relationship is so strong. Shakespeare may have been trying to convey how this view on love is more likely to last and be blessed by the clever use of these two characters names. Conversely, the supposed love at first sight that Shakespeare portrays between Claudio and Hero is hinted at as being more chaotic. Claudios name is derived from the Latin word claudus which means lame or crippled. The playwright may have chosen this name for his character to illustrate how this type of love has no real support, how it is more likely to be crippled. It may also suggest that Claudios view on love, which is that it is a perfect and pure emotion, is rather handicapped. Claudio seemed convinced that Hero must be an utterly pure human being in order for them to attain love, but as I have previously mentioned a woman with these qualities is hard to find. This short sighted view on love appears to make Claudio unable when it comes to matters of love, for example: taking Don Johns word over Heros when it comes to her alleged affair. It seems that Claudios judgement becomes clouded where love is concerned, and so he had to learn how to appreciate it. Thus, I feel that overall Shakespeare is trying to say that if one is to consider love only as a perfect ideal then they will not attain it, for love is a complex emotion that is far from perfection. However, if one considers love to be more of an actuality and can accept that themselves, their partner and their relationship is bound to have a few imperfections, then love can be attained. Just because love may not be perfect doesnt mean that we shouldnt strive to attain it.

Religious Toleration during the Enlightenment Essay -- Enlightenment of

The Enlightenment of the 18th century evolved due to the many changes brought about by the Scientific Revolution. With all of the new scientific discoveries, new thought processes were developed. The scientists of the Scientific Revolution brought about revolutionary change. These scientists inspired the philosophes of the Enlightenment to challenge the ways of the "Old Regime" and question the ideas of the church. Philosophers such as Francois Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke published their controversial ideas and these ideas along with some important political action, helped to mold a new type of society. The new society was one that tolerated different religious beliefs. "The minds of men, abandoning the old disciplines and contentions of theology, turned to what they called "natural philosophy," namely, the faith in individual reason rather than in divine revelation; they welcomed the excitement offered by the ever widening opportunities for discovery and commerce and by the prospect of immeasurable progress owing to the inventions of science and technology and the spread of education."1 Religious toleration during the Age of Enlightenment was ultimately affected by changes in the Roman Catholic Church, the politics of the 18th century, and the philosophy movement. Enlightenment was a term, which was used to describe a new philosophy of life. "It was a time when man, stepping, out of his shackles, began to use his rational facilities †¦ and shoved aside the state and church authorities."2 Individuals began to rely on their own instincts in order to realize that there were certain civil liberties that should be provided to them, that they were not receiving. Religious freedom was one of these civil liberties.... ...f Church and State destroyed many monarchies and permitted democracy. 1 Nicolson, Harold. The Mainstream of the Modern World: The Age of Reason. Edited by John Gunther. (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company Inc.,1961),19. 2 Pacini, David S. The Cunning of the Modern Religious Thought. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press,1987),35. 3 Pacini, 36. 4 Hooker, Richard. "Martin Luther." http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/LUTHER/HTM. (14Feb2000). 5 Nicolson, 40. 6 Pacini, 46. 7 Grell, Peter, Bob Scribner, ed. Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996),69. 8 Brians, Paul. "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: The Social Contract (1762)." http://www.sgc.peachnet.edu/users/rreiman/www/time/rousseau.htm (14Feb2000). 9 Brians 10 Brians 11 Grell,167 12 Grell,168

Religious Spirits :: essays research papers

The new millennium has finally arrived and technological advancements are still being made at a rate faster than is often conceivable. Among the various inventions and discoveries of the modern era is one that has already become a mediocre item to the average individual – the cell phone. As one takes a stroll down the street, grabs a bite to eat, or simply takes a single step into the outside world, one may realize that nearly each and every individual is affected by the cell phone phenomenon. Cell phones are a means by which individuals are able to communicate with others that are not present. However, the fascinating characteristic of the cell phone is that it allows the personal and private act of talking on the phone to take place in public, around complete strangers. As a result, the cell phone has various roles as a mode of communication; whereas one may use the cell phone simply to ensure connection and communication with people not around, others may treat the cell phone as a mechanism used to display a specific attitude towards outsiders. These varying manners in which people utilize the cell phone are extremely significant. The cell phone, when utilized as both a means of communication with a single person and the general public, simultaneously depicts the users inherent dependency on other people, as well as an element of the user’s sociability, confidence, and importance. The cell phone is a channel by which people may communicate a message both in an interpersonal and mass fashion; however, the typical perception of the cell phone is that is a form of interpersonal communication. When Jane was preparing to leave the house to see a movie, I suddenly felt the need to question her instinctive drive to toss her cell phone into her purs e. It perplexed me that Jane felt she would answer a phone call or need to initiate a phone call while sitting in a dark theater. Jane responded that at any possible moment an emergency could occur and her cell phone would be the only possible thing that could save her. She explained that it comforted her to know that in case her mother, who is currently ill, needed to reach a hospital, Jane will be the first to know and respond promptly, no matter where she may be. In addition, Jane stated that she nevertheless needed to always know that if she became stuck on the freeway due to a shortage of gas, help is only a phone call away. Religious Spirits :: essays research papers The new millennium has finally arrived and technological advancements are still being made at a rate faster than is often conceivable. Among the various inventions and discoveries of the modern era is one that has already become a mediocre item to the average individual – the cell phone. As one takes a stroll down the street, grabs a bite to eat, or simply takes a single step into the outside world, one may realize that nearly each and every individual is affected by the cell phone phenomenon. Cell phones are a means by which individuals are able to communicate with others that are not present. However, the fascinating characteristic of the cell phone is that it allows the personal and private act of talking on the phone to take place in public, around complete strangers. As a result, the cell phone has various roles as a mode of communication; whereas one may use the cell phone simply to ensure connection and communication with people not around, others may treat the cell phone as a mechanism used to display a specific attitude towards outsiders. These varying manners in which people utilize the cell phone are extremely significant. The cell phone, when utilized as both a means of communication with a single person and the general public, simultaneously depicts the users inherent dependency on other people, as well as an element of the user’s sociability, confidence, and importance. The cell phone is a channel by which people may communicate a message both in an interpersonal and mass fashion; however, the typical perception of the cell phone is that is a form of interpersonal communication. When Jane was preparing to leave the house to see a movie, I suddenly felt the need to question her instinctive drive to toss her cell phone into her purs e. It perplexed me that Jane felt she would answer a phone call or need to initiate a phone call while sitting in a dark theater. Jane responded that at any possible moment an emergency could occur and her cell phone would be the only possible thing that could save her. She explained that it comforted her to know that in case her mother, who is currently ill, needed to reach a hospital, Jane will be the first to know and respond promptly, no matter where she may be. In addition, Jane stated that she nevertheless needed to always know that if she became stuck on the freeway due to a shortage of gas, help is only a phone call away.

Essay over One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest Essay

Through Ken Kesey’s exploration of a power discourse within ‘one flew over the cuckoo’s nest’, he visibly highlights that every text has a purpose. The author comes up with a discourse of power, where it is shown throughout the characters, and through how society used to treat the ‘mental illnesses’ at the time. In this book, society ideologies are challenged by the revolutionary mind of Ken Kesey, where within the influence of the beats, had ‘different’ beliefs from everyone else at the socio-cultural context of the time. The characterisation in this plot is carefully made by the author, where each character is built to represent a different thing for the audience and to challenge society’s beliefs in the early 60’s. For example, The characters of the Chief and McMurphy were placed to reinforce the beat beliefs and to show that ‘illness’ for society at the time, wasn’t really to be crazy, it was just to be a bit different from everyone else, challenging society’s view of the insane. However, the character of nurse Ratched, represents society where it is the figure of power and control of the patients. Where, again it shows the power discourse within this book throughout nurse’s attitudes and beliefs. Chief Bromden is one of the main characters and also the narrator of this book; he is a Native American that has been in the ward for many years, he’s always been marginalized and disempowered and due this, he ‘lost’ his voice and pretended to be deaf for the others. However, when McMurphy joined the ward, they became really close friends and slowly, the chief was getting his confidence and power back, he was being able to speak again, he was getting his strength back on and being himself again after years, â€Å"He’d done what he said, my arms were big again, big as they were in high school† said chief about McMurphy. This reinforces Ken keysey’s beliefs that if everyone was treated equally, there wouldn’t be any mental illness, there would only be different people in certain ways. McMurphy is also one of the main characters in the plot, he is represented as an alpha male â€Å"a bull goose lony†, he is an antihero. As soon as he joins the ward, he gets the sympathize of most of the people, he helped people to get confidence back, he took place of a leader, and empowered people again (mainly the chief). He is seen as a Christ figure, he suffers for his friends and at the end he is sacrificed to ‘open the gates’ for his friends. Ken kesey through this man explored the figure of power giver, where all men in the microcosm ward were disempowered due the nurse, and this man came in and changed it to the other way around, where reinforces the idea of power being the controller of people. â€Å"One flew over the cuckoo’s nest† represented society very well at the socio cultural context at the time, where it successfully shows the game of empowerment and disempowerment of a macrocosm ambient (society) in a microcosm environment (the ward). Ken kesey through this book was able to show that society can be wrong and you have to stick up for your beliefs, because at the end of the day, the insane stopped being marginalized and changed society’s view on the insane, which was the author’s main objective.

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems

Intermediate Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency Care Assistance) Edexcel L2 Diploma in Emergency Care Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems A/602/5038 Candidate Name: _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer: ___________________ Unit Overview: This unit will give learners a basic understanding of how the body is organised – from cells up to systems. Learners will also gain an understanding of the components and functions of the main systems of the body, leading to further understanding of how illness or injury affects the normal functions of an organ or system. How you will be assessed for unit 12:This unit consists of one knowledge outcome which will be assessed via a workbook. Outcomes| Assessment| Criteria| 1. Know how body Systems are organised| Knowledge Workbook| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system1. 5 Defin e directional terms used in medicine1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| 2. Know the Functions of the Respiratory System| Knowledge Workbook| 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Describe the structure of the lungs2. 4 Outline the process of respiration2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| 3. Know the function of the Cardiovascular System| Knowledge Workbook| 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system3. 2 Label the structure of the heart3. 3 State the electrical conductionsystem of the heart3. 4 Describe the purpose of differenttypes of blood vessels3. 5Describe the properties of blood| 4. Know how the nervous system supports body functions| Knowledge Workbook| 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervoussystem4. 2 Identify the components of thenervous system| 5.Know how the skeletal system functions | Knowledge Workbook | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletalsystem5. 2 Label the bones of the s keleton5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and theskeleton| In order to pass this unit you must complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you have any difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to support you 1. Know how the body systems are organised. 1. 1: Label the structure of a typical cell Using the following diagram label the key component of the cell.Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nucleus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a tissue You need to describe the following types of tissue in your answer, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle specifying how muscle is sub divided into both voluntary and involuntary giving appropriate examples . A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances surrounding them.There are four basic kinds of tissue in the body: epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage, muscle tissue; and nerve tissue. Epithelial: Covers the whole surface of the body. It is made up of cells closely packed and ranged in one or more layers. This tissue is specialised to form the covering or lining of all internal or external body surfaces. Connective: Connective tissue serves a connecting function; it supports and binds other tissue. Nervous: nervous tissue is responsible for sensing stimuli and transmitting signals to and from different parts of an organism.Neurons are the basic unit of nervous tissue. Muscle tissue: has ability to relax and contrast and so brings about movement and mechanical work in various parts of the body. (Skeletal, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells t hat are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body. E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. An organ is a number of specialised tissues and cells that are formed together to form an organ which has a specific function within the body.E. g. the heart, use for carrying blood around the body. You need to consider the following in your answer, namely how specialized tissues have both specialist functions or form a particular structure such as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system. The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath.A group of organs working together to perform a particular function The body has many different organs all with their own specific jobs and are made up of different parts for example the respirato ry system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchus, bronchioles, lungs and mouth which are all use to breath. A group of organs working together to perform a particular function You need to include in your answer that the body is comprised of a number of systems that contain specific organs that have specialized functions, for example the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define Directional terms used in medicine Your answer must provide a clear definition of the following terms and how these are utilised to describe the human body and positioning of both injuries and/or organs. 1. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 2. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 3. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 4. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 5. Posterior – Toward back of the body 6. Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body . Proximal – Clo ser to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 8. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 9. External –Structure closer to internal organs 10. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 11. Superior — Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior– Toward or at the lower part of the structure 13. Lateral – Away from the midline of the body / on the outer side 14. Medial – Toward or at the midline of the body / on the inner side 15. Posterior – Toward back of the body 16.Anterior – Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal – Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal – Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External –Structure closer to internal organs 20. Internal – structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs within body cavities Complete the diagram clearly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx Trachea Trachea Heart Heart Superior vena cava Superior vena cava Oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung Diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta AortaLiver Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder Stomach Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine Bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student notes and Supplementary Work sheets. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance Care Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first important thing in learning about anatomy and physiology is to know the anatomical position and body landmarks.To accurately describe body parts and position, initial reference point and directional terms should be used in a medical setting. The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facin g forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the ECA or Paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a laceration on the posterior portion of the left lower leg.To clearly state the area of injury the Paramedic uses the term â€Å"sural† which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing â€Å"back area of the lower leg†. Knowing these terms not only give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly explain exactly the relation of a body structure to each other, directional terms are used. For example to describe the relationship or location of the heart to the arms, we can say â€Å"the heart is located in between the arms†.Using anatomical terminology, this is expressed as â€Å"the heart is medial to the arms. † Hence, it is a more clear and precise statement Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | |Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes only) ABDOMINAL| ACROMIAL| ANTECUBITAL| AXILLARY| BRACHIAL| BUCCAL| CARPAL| CERVICAL| COXAL| CRURAL| DIGITAL| FEMORAL| FIBULAR| INGUINAL| NASAL| ORAL| ORBITAL| PATELLAR| PELVIC| STERNAL| PUBIC| TARSAL| THORACIC| UMBILLICAL| CALCANEAL| CEPHALIC| DELTOID| FEMORAL| GLUTEAL| LUMBAR| OCCIPITAL| OLECRANAL| POPLITEAL| SCAPUALR| SURAL| VERTEBRAL| PLANTAR| | | | The terms commonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, distal, external an d internal.Using these terminologies show on the diagram below and identify the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries but to provide an appropriate handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary Reading The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that have a similar shape and function. Different types of tissues can be found in different organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue:   epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. There may be various sub-tissues within each of the primary tissues.Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue have different shapes as shown on the student's worksheet. Cells can be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues.Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph, which are all considered connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-lik e. In tissues the simplest combination is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples include the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a definite function.The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contributes its share to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You need to consider the following topics in your answer, namely the extraction of Oxygen from the atmosphere and the excretion of carbon dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system maintains the acid base balance of the blood and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he process by which air enters the lungs. It may be useful to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance Servic e Basic Training Manual. Nancy Caroline (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following presentation before attempting this question, http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body.The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is responsible for supplying body cells with essential oxygen and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel air from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the two lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract.Complete the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm Right lung Right lung Trachea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Bronchus Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles Nasal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to consider the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the thoracic cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you can utilise a diagram to facilitate your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs.Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli.This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are protected by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas exchange taking vital oxygen from the air and expelling waste carbon dioxide to the air.Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bron chi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main blood vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways; the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree.They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen blood from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, returning high oxygen blood to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer needs to include the process of both internal and external respiration and diffusion of gases through a semi permeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this questi on. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 provides a valuable insight into the mechanics of respiration.External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by – product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the blood and cells carry oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the waste product is absorbed through the blood and sent back to the lungs and expir ed back into the atmosphere. Reference – Ambulance service basic training manual 2003 (updated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current best practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medication such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium Bromide only Oxygen therapy.Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also life threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 2. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until bac kup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and people around you. 6. Check response levers by speaking to the person and tapping their shoulder if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and look for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an adult non re breather until backup arrive ready to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser mask at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading Introduction Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration: Fill out the blanks Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of †¦oxygen†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦muscle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ contractions. 1.External†¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between blood and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and tissues. 4. Internal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Respiration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦is gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for gaseous exchange between the circulatory system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue.The lungs are divided into lobes; the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant ne xt to the apex of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating negative pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the thoracic wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates negative pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.Expiration is mainly due to the natural elasticity of the lungs, which tend to collapse if they are not held against the thoracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form very narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over.Each alveolus is very closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along concentration gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the concentration is much lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows maximal transfer across the membrane. The Earth's atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide.Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the composition of inspired air. Percentage Present Inspired Air| | 100%| Oxygen| | 20%| Nitrogen| | 79%| Carbon Dioxide| | 0. 04%| Water Vapour| | variable%| Inert Gases| | 0. 15%| Complete the table below providing a brief description of ea ch structure. Structure| description| Nose| The nose is mainly made up of cartilage bones and fibrous tissues. | | Pharynx| Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. | Larynx| Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. | | Trachea| Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. | | Bronchi| Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. | | Bronchioles| The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli| | Lungs| Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. | Alveoli| Part within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded b y dense network of capillaries| | Pleura| Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working correctly. Offer some protection against impact| | The rate of breathing differs significantly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within normal parameters.Complete the table below to demonstrate this. Respiratory Rates | Bradypneoic| Normal| Tachypnoeic| Neonate| 40| Child| 30| Adult| 30| Asthma: Signs, Symptoms and Management. Asthma is a condition that affects the airways – the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma trigger), the muscles round the walls of the airways tighten so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky m ucus or phlegm builds up, which can further narrow the airways. These reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated – making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-term condition  that can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The severity of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be controlled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. That  is  1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed with asthma as a child, the  symptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to severe, it is more likely that the condition will persist or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start in  young people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not fully und erstood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families.You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parents  has the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are  the small tubes, called bronchi,  which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi  will be  inflamed and  more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breathe and causes wheezing and coughing.It  may also  make your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an ‘acute asthma exacerbation'. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long-lasting) asthma, long-term infla mmation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger is  anything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Common triggers include house dust mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There are  other types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities: * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a response of exposure to flour. OutlookWhile there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help control the condition very effectively. Tre atment is based on two important goals: * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a summary of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function.Watch the presentation to enable you to answer this question correctly. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 2. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. Blood flows arou nd the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5.Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart full of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through electrical impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. Blood flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below.It may be useful to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. Left Atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle Arteria l valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve Branch of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle Great cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibres and L&R Bundle Branches. It might be useful to incorporate a diagram of the normal sinus rhythm to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this chain of events. ttp://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the message and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function.You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product.Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesn’t is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries.Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life; your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Don’t forget that blood contains more than solids.They key components you must discus s are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Begin by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophi l (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including: * Transporting oxygen and n utrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume; they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBC’s, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types; lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plas ma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain body’s fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed.The main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal c ord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate.Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS SThe main function of the central nervous system is to send electrical impu lse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel pain when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over movement of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the body’s natural reactions such as breathing, you don’t need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breathing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the body’s natural state and responding to change within your natural state.The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the information and relays the message to the control centre which makes the decision on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. Peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve Spinal cord Spinal cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system.Please label the diagrams. Parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal s ystem also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in protecting main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull Sternum Sternum Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum Ulna Ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs RibsMetatarsals Metatarsals Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibu la Femur Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular Clavicle Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size. Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated.The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the w rist is very flexible and has full rotation. Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size.Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a saddle joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an exception it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation.Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints: e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another at the site of a joint; tendons continuous with the sheath covering each muscle and attached to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, generate force to produce movement.The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them; this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web links are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding o f the anatomy and physiology of the human body.These are interesting and informative interactive modules that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have completed these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web link below complete the online learning module that investigates the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http://www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the link below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following link investigates the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respirati on 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the link below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is quite difficult. 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount importance to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObje ct. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The skeletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to demonstrate your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml As part of your role as a ECA y ou will be required to measure a patients’ blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and consequence of abnormality 18. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a valuable research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive Module Links Tracking Sheet Watched| Y/N| Comment| 1. http://www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http://www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/Vie wObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http://www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http://www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http://www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html| | | Criteria| Achieved(? )| AssessorsComments| Internal Verifiers Comments| 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell| | | | 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue| | | | 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ| | | | 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system| | | | 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine| | | | 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities| | | | . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system| | | | 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract| | | | 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs| | | | 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration| | | | 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma| | | | 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system| | | | 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart| | | | 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart| | | | 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels| | | | 3. 5Describe the properties of blood| | | | 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system| | | | 4. Identify the components of the nervous system| | | | 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system| | | | 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton| | | | 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints| | | | 5. 4 Outline the relationship between the muscular system and the skeleton| | | | | General Comments| Areas for Improvement| Assessor Signature: Date:| Learner Signature Date:| Internal Verifier Signature: Date:|